{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T04:35:59Z","timestamp":1782362159978,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The walking accessibility of primary healthcare institutions (PHCIs) is a pivotal determinant of health equity. However, prior studies often lack a comprehensive assessment that integrates the spatiotemporal dynamics of both multi-faceted supply and multi-scenario demand. To bridge this gap, this study develops an enhanced two-step floating catchment area method (2SFCA-MSD) that concurrently incorporates multiple types of service supply and multiple temporal demand scenarios to quantify PHCI walking accessibility, with equity evaluated using the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve. The results indicate that: (1) Both supply and demand exhibit pronounced spatiotemporal inequalities. (2) Walking accessibility varies substantially across scenarios; Health services for vulnerable groups (Service B) exhibit the highest walking accessibility across all three supply scenarios, while the morning work scenario demonstrates the best walking accessibility among the four demand scenarios. (3) Gini coefficients exceeding 0.5 across all scenarios reveal severe resource allocation inequity. By establishing a dynamic supply\u2013demand integration framework, this research advances methodological precision in accessibility evaluation, uncovers critical spatiotemporal mismatch patterns, and provides actionable insights for optimizing PHCI planning to promote spatial justice in urban health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15010040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:52:57Z","timestamp":1768319577000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamic Measurement and Equity Analysis of Walking Accessibility in Primary Healthcare Institutions Under Diverse Supply\u2013Demand Scenarios: Evidence from Shenyang"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3767-8018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jangho Architecture College, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9684-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enxu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jangho Architecture College, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jangho Architecture College, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jangho Architecture College, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9224-3558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jangho Architecture College, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-00746-5","article-title":"Differences in walking access to healthcare facilities between formal and informal areas in 19 sub-Saharan African cities","volume":"5","author":"Friesen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. 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