{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T20:08:34Z","timestamp":1769285314861,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101309; 42161144003; 42301314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101309; 42161144003; 42301314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Annual Projects of the Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning of Henan Province","award":["2024BSH037; 2022HSH026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024BSH037; 2022HSH026"]}]},{"name":"Training Plan for Young Backbone Teachers in Higher Education Institutions in Henan Province","award":["2025GGJS082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025GGJS082"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exploring the spatiotemporal evolution of building stock in African countries is of great significance for understanding the urbanization process, regional development disparities, and sustainable development pathways in the Global South. Integrating long-term (1975\u20132020), 100 m resolution building stock data for Tanzania with multi-source environmental and socioeconomic datasets, this study employed GIS spatial analysis techniques\u2014including optimized hotspot analysis, standard deviational ellipse, and geographical detector\u2014to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of building differentiation. The results indicate that over the 45-year period, Tanzania\u2019s building stock underwent rapid expansion, with a 3.83-fold increase in volume and a 4.93-fold increase in area, while the average height decreased continuously by 1.04 m. This growth was predominantly driven by the expansion of residential buildings. The spatial distribution of buildings exhibited a \u201cnorth-dense, south-sparse\u201d pattern with agglomeration along traffic axes. During 1975\u20131990, building growth hotspots were concentrated in western and southern regions, shifting to areas surrounding Lake Victoria and central administrative centers during 2005\u20132020. In contrast, coldspots expanded progressively from northern, northeastern regions and Zanzibar Island to parts of the southern and eastern coasts. The building distribution consistently maintained a northwest\u2013southeast spatial orientation, with increasingly prominent directional characteristics; the centroid of building distribution moved more than 90 km northwestward, and the agglomeration intensity continued to increase. Socioeconomic factors\u2014including population density, road network density, and GDP density\u2014have a significantly stronger influence on building distribution than natural factors. Among natural factors, only river network density exhibits a significant effect, while constraints such as slope and terrain relief are relatively insignificant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15010049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:31:46Z","timestamp":1769009506000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatiotemporal Evolution and Differentiation of Building Stock in Tanzania over 45 Years (1975\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7168-3357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Development Research Center, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"given":"Yannan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9095-007X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Development Research Center, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoke","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Development Research Center, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/rode.13026","article-title":"Inclusive Growth in the Face of Increasing Urbanization: What Experience for African Countries?","volume":"28","author":"Ngounou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. 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