{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:34:31Z","timestamp":1773189271197,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52408083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52408083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project of Ministry of Education of China","award":["24YJCZH134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJCZH134"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin University Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Cultivation \u201cQiming Plan\u201d Project","award":["2024XQM-0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XQM-0025"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin University Independent Innovation Fund\u2014Social Influence","award":["2025XSC-0047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025XSC-0047"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ensuring equitable and inclusive access to children\u2019s extracurricular activity facilities represents a profound manifestation of educational equity and is crucial for promoting children\u2019s holistic development and societal sustainability. However, the underlying spatial mechanisms shaping their equity remain insufficiently explored. Using Tianjin\u2019s central urban area as a case study, this study examines the spatial accessibility and equity of such facilities under dual government\u2013market provision systems. The multi-mode Huff two-step floating catchment area model (MM-Huff-2SFCA) was employed to assess accessibility across walking, e-bike, public transport, and private car modes, integrating facility quality, household preference, and time-based distance decay. Equity was further evaluated using Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients across multiple spatial scales, while geographically weighted regression (GWR) identified spatial heterogeneity in factors such as child population density, transport infrastructure, household economic status, and basic education coverage. Results indicate that macro-level spatial balance masks substantial micro-scale inequities, particularly among transport-disadvantaged groups. Government and market systems exhibit contrasting spatial logics, forming a compensation\u2013complementarity pattern across urban space. These findings underscore the need for refined and differentiated governance in extracurricular activity facilities planning, integrating spatial planning, transport accessibility, and social equity to advance child-friendly urban development and equitable public service provision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15020063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T16:12:37Z","timestamp":1770048757000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatial Equity of Children\u2019s Extracurricular Activity Facilities Under Government\u2013Market Dual Provision Systems: Evidence from Tianjin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiehui","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinxuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangwa","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, May 03). 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