{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:33:47Z","timestamp":1778690027332,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016762","name":"The National Institute for Transportation and Communities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Older adults\u2019 well-being is strongly shaped by their capacity to navigate and access places beyond their immediate surroundings. Lack of adequate transportation can limit their access to health care, services, and social opportunities. For older adults in the United States who do not or no longer drive, getting private automobile rides from others is their primary mode of transportation, but this reliance can burden their ride providers. Measuring and assessing the geospatial burden of providing rides is important for research and policies that aim to address both negative effects for ride providers and older adults\u2019 unmet travel needs. In this manuscript, we propose an approach that collects data to assess ride providers\u2019 geospatial activity spaces for their own routine activities and for providing rides. By comparing the two activity spaces, we propose a method to operationalize geospatial ride-providing burden, using three potential burden indicators. Using data from an exploratory study (N = 12 ride providers), we apply these burden indicators and correlate them to other indicators of burden (i.e., days\/month giving rides, monetary costs, missed work, increased stress). We conclude that the share of the activity space for providing rides falling beyond the area of the ride provider\u2019s routine personal travel (what we call Burden Indicator B) may be a useful indicator of geospatial burden of providing rides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15020086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T13:15:35Z","timestamp":1771334135000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantifying the Spatial Burden of Informal Ride Provision for Older Adults Using Activity Space Analysis and GIS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7820-9141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Mauldin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington, 501 W. Mitchell, Arlington, TX 76010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6515-6813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Mattingly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19308, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2799-9327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soeun","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington, 501 W. Mitchell, Arlington, TX 76010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6380-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swasati","family":"Handique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington, 501 W. Mitchell, Arlington, TX 76010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahshid","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19308, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0634-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupal","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Connecticut, 38 Prospect Hall, Hartford, CT 06013, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"US Census Bureau (2023). 2023 National Population Projections Tables: Main Series, US Census Bureau."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2025, July 07). 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