{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:31:37Z","timestamp":1772645497975,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52178039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52178039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52578073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52578073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021WKZDJC014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021WKZDJC014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202506160078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202506160078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Promoting older adults\u2019 active travel (AT) is important for healthy ageing, yet the optimal spatial units and scales for built environment (BE) interventions remain unclear. Existing studies often ignore the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem and fail to distinguish macro-scale land-use patterns from micro-scale street design under potentially nonlinear behavior\u2013environment relationships. This study aims to clarify how multi-scale BE influences older adults\u2019 AT and to identify the most effective intervention scale. Using survey data from 2494 older adults in Wuhan, China, we construct six behaviorally meaningful sliding units (5, 10, and 15 min walking network buffers and distance-equivalent Euclidean buffers), derive macro- and micro-scale indicators from GIS, census data, and street view images, and build separate Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models with Accumulated Local Effects plots for interpretation. A model comparison reveals pronounced scale effects: network-based buffers systematically outperform circular buffers, and the 15 min walking network buffer emerges as the optimal intervention unit. Across all scales, BE variables contribute more to model performance than socio-demographic factors, and macro-scale attributes (e.g., land-use mix, facility density, and transit access) consistently outweigh micro-scale street features. Nonlinear effects and thresholds are identified for key density, accessibility, and streetscape indicators. These findings underscore the necessity of multi-scale analysis and support planning \u201c15 min life circles\u201d for older adults that prioritize macro-scale land-use and facility optimization, complemented by targeted, context-specific street-level improvements to create safe, age-friendly walking environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15030109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T13:11:36Z","timestamp":1772629896000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Land Use, Street Design, and Older Adults\u2019 Active Travel: Uncovering Nonlinear Effects in Multi-Scale Convenient Living Circles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6715-8083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4019-6912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, De Sterre Krijgslaan 297, S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1968-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Planning and Design Institute, Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e068208","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries for Adults 70 Years and Older: Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study","volume":"376","author":"Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2015.10.003","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Economic Analyses of Active Transport Interventions That Include Physical Activity Benefits","volume":"45","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. 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