{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T03:25:03Z","timestamp":1778901903995,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Railway transport plays a crucial role in sustainable and low-carbon mobility; however, the safety and resilience of railway systems are increasingly challenged by aging infrastructure, spatial inequality, and intensifying climate extremes. These challenges are particularly evident in Serbia, where railway stations in rural and peripheral areas often lack adequate safety infrastructure, accessibility, and climate-adaptive design, especially affecting women and other vulnerable passengers. The aim of this study is to develop a GIS-based spatial framework for assessing gender-sensitive railway safety under combined sociospatial and environmental pressures. The analysis integrates multiple geo-information sources, including railway infrastructure data, passenger statistics, safety incidents, and climate hazard indicators such as floods, heatwaves, heavy snowfall, and windstorms. Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, including kernel density estimation, buffer and zonal statistics, spatial interpolation, and spatial regression, were applied to evaluate spatial safety patterns and environmental risks. The results reveal pronounced regional disparities, with southern and eastern Serbia representing the most vulnerable areas due to inactive stations, poor lighting, limited digital connectivity, and frequent exposure to extreme weather events. Rural railway stations are frequently located in climate risk zones, and many do not meet the minimum safety infrastructure standards. Based on these findings, this study recommends strengthening station lighting and surveillance systems, improving digital connectivity and emergency accessibility, and integrating climate-resilient infrastructure planning into railway modernization strategies. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of combining GIS-based spatial analysis, climate hazard assessment, and gender-sensitive planning to support safer, more inclusive, and climate-resilient railway infrastructure in Serbia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15040152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T11:51:03Z","timestamp":1775130663000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrating GIS, Climate Hazards, and Gender Safety in Railway Networks: A Spatial Vulnerability Analysis of Serbia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2997-2164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Valjarevi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 3\/III, 11000 Belgarde, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Lukovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, University of East Sarajevo, Semberskih Ratara 1E, 76300 Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dragana","family":"Radivojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, University of East Sarajevo, Semberskih Ratara 1E, 76300 Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5254-3336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kh Md","family":"Nahiduzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citinnov for Integrated Territorial Planning & Smart Cities, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Rabat 11103, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9165-3215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Radoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citinnov for Integrated Territorial Planning & Smart Cities, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Rabat 11103, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4251-4838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Campisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6938-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celestina","family":"Fazia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dejan","family":"Filipovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 3\/III, 11000 Belgarde, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1652-9983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana","family":"Valjarevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Pri\u0161tina in Kosovska Mitrovica, Ive Lole Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campisi, T., Georgiadis, G., and Basbas, S. 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