{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:34:34Z","timestamp":1781534074017,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42501282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42501282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42371257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["42501282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42501282"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["42371257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371257"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a novel urban leisure activity, Citywalk is reshaping the spatial organization of urban tourism resources and spatial experience patterns. This phenomenon provides a crucial entry point for understanding new tourist\u2013destination relationships from the perspective of spatial behavior. This paper takes Harbin, an Internet-Famous City (IFC), as a case study and integrates multi-source data, including pedestrian trajectories, social media texts, and urban infrastructure. A cross-modal analytical framework for Citywalk networks is constructed to examine the structural evolution of Citywalk networks and the relationship between digital-space and physical-space in the context of IFCs. The results indicate that: (1) During its rise as an IFC, Harbin\u2019s Citywalk network transformed from a single-core agglomeration structure to a multi-nodal radial structure, exhibiting a pattern of core reinforcement and outward expansion. (2) Online visibility was associated with the emergence of new nodes and network expansion, but a structural misalignment was observed between digital-space association and physical-space linkage. (3) Emotional differentiation among newly visible nodes further reflected the uneven development of the Citywalk network, while concentrated digital attention was accompanied by persistent structural imbalance. This study highlights the digital\u2013physical misalignment in urban tourism networks, suggests the important role of social media in shaping tourists\u2019 route imagination and emotional evaluation, and provides references for the spatial optimization and sustainable management of urban tourism resources in the new development stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15050214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:19:29Z","timestamp":1778854769000},"page":"214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural Polarization and the Digital\u2013Physical Misalignment: A Network Evolution Analysis of Citywalk in Internet-Famous Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"Anhui Research Institute for Cultural and Tourism Industry Development, Hefei 230051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linrong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2023.104262","article-title":"Automatic identification of urban functions via social mining","volume":"137","author":"Chiesa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"March 28","article-title":"\u201cInfluencers Crush Wukang Road\u201d: Creating Wanghong Landscapes in the Former French Concession in Shanghai","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediapolis A J. Cities Cult."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.105149","article-title":"From physical space to cyberspace: Recessive gender biases in social media mirror the real world","volume":"152","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103631","article-title":"The impact of internet celebrity economy on sustainable city design: From the perspectives of economics and carbon emissions","volume":"78","author":"Che","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2025.106294","article-title":"Understanding the internet-famous tourist city: Interaction within digital technology in an accelerated society","volume":"167","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., and Zheng, B. (2024). Social Media Users\u2019 Visual and Emotional Preferences of Internet-Famous Sites in Urban Riverfront Public Spaces: A Case Study in Changsha, China. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.1855.v1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2025.2564275","article-title":"Social media power catalyzing urban tourism innovation: Applying spatial-institutional-affective framework in placemaking","volume":"27","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4136","DOI":"10.1080\/13467581.2024.2397106","article-title":"Citywalk in China: Analysis of regional and route characteristics","volume":"24","author":"Jiru","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Middleton, J. (2021). The Walkable City: Dimensions of Walking and Overlapping Walks of Life, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315519210"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-09-2023-0614","article-title":"City walk in a gap day: Potential and opportunities for tourism and leisure","volume":"79","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tour. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2018.1446884","article-title":"Ethical concerns around inner city walking tours","volume":"39","author":"Giddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.2402","article-title":"Critical success factors for food tourism destinations: A socio-cultural perspective","volume":"23","author":"Hiamey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2025.103375","article-title":"Ice and snow tourism in China\u2019s ecological civilization era: The Altay, Xinjiang experience","volume":"159","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Sun, Y., Ibrahim, F.I.B., Kamarazaly, M.A.B., Abidin, S.N.B.Z., and Tang, S. (2025). Social media interaction and built environment effects on urban walking experience: A machine learning analysis of Shanghai Citywalk. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320951"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foar.2024.09.006","article-title":"Simulation study of non-traveling pedestrian traffic in high-speed railway station areas: A case study of the Yangtze River Delta","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Archit. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urbmob.2025.100109","article-title":"Walking travel satisfaction\u2014A comparison of three European cities","volume":"7","author":"Welsch","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Urban Mobil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C. (2025). #Citywalk and city walk: Experiencing urban streets with social media. Mobilities, 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1080\/17450101.2025.2605053"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/tran.12337","article-title":"Walking city streets: Spatial qualities, spatial justice, and democratising impulses","volume":"45","author":"Stratford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287515569777","article-title":"Building Tourism Networks through Tourist Mobility","volume":"55","author":"Asero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2013.868029","article-title":"Measuring Tourist Activities in Cities Using Geotagged Photography","volume":"16","author":"Kadar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31990","article-title":"A study on the spatial differences between the tourism network attention and tourism flow in Shanghai, China","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2024.103261","article-title":"How does cultural distance affect tourism destination choice? Evidence from the correlation between regional culture and tourism flow","volume":"166","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2020.1729164","article-title":"Tourism, Growth and Environment: Analysis of Non-Linear and Moderating Effects","volume":"28","author":"Ehigiamusoe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2025.105760","article-title":"Stepping on the beaten track? Walking behavior and profiles of cruise passengers in Barcelona","volume":"159","author":"Tavafi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2021.104437","article-title":"Leveraging tourist trajectory data for effective destination planning and management: A new heuristic approach","volume":"89","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1080\/10548408.2010.527246","article-title":"Travel Personae of American Pleasure Travelers: A Network Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Travel Tour. Mark."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Huang, Y., and Chen, Y. (2023). Spatial Pattern Evolution and Influencing Factors of Tourism Flow in the Chengdu\u2013Chongqing Economic Circle in China. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12030121"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Spatial Patterns and Perception Differences in Slow-Tourism Behavior: Insights from Popular Citywalk Routes in Chengdu, Wuhan, and Shanghai, China","volume":"45","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11021","DOI":"10.17645\/mac.11021","article-title":"City Walk as Platform-Native Counter-Mapping: Entangled Resistance and Algorithmic Visibility in Chinese Digital Urbanism","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Media Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jum.2025.03.002","article-title":"Analysis and evaluation of urban roaming paths based on users\u2019 perspective\u2014The case of Beijing","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Urban Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2024.105196","article-title":"A spatially explicit comparison of walkability within city-centre and suburban contexts in Helsinki, Finland","volume":"252","author":"Tiitu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-024-11218-z","article-title":"Landmarks and walkability: Wayfinding during nighttime in a tourism-based city. Case study of Jaffna, Sri Lanka","volume":"89","author":"Sabesan","year":"2024","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1068\/b3311","article-title":"Mapping DigiPlace: Geocoded Internet Data and the Representation of Place","volume":"34","author":"Zook","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/1206331206289022","article-title":"From cyber to hybrid: Mobile technologies as interfaces of hybrid spaces","volume":"9","year":"2006","journal-title":"Space Cult."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/17506980211010693","article-title":"Cyberplace: From fantasies of placelessness to connective emplacement","volume":"14","author":"Halstead","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mem. Stud."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Humanistic Geography: A Personal View","volume":"25","author":"Tuan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1267","article-title":"Tourist Cognition of Sense of Place in Tourism Attractions","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Cresswell, T. (2006). On the Move: Mobility in the Modern Western World, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Grieco, M., and Urry, J. (2011). Introducing the mobilities turn. Mobilities: New Perspectives on Transport and Society, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2024.103250","article-title":"Examining the directionality of mobility patterns in activity spaces: Introducing the \u201cmobility snowflake\u201d visual analytic and measurement framework","volume":"166","author":"Corcoran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2026, January 25). 2024, We Meet\u4e282024, the Cities That Broke Through. Available online: https:\/\/www.news.cn\/local\/20241227\/7a44ba1dd0484611bd9c6ca2db18f88c\/c.html."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2026, April 21). China\u2019s \u201cIce City\u201d Harbin Draws Record Tourists over New Year Holiday. Available online: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/chinas-ice-city-harbin-draws-record-tourists-over-new-year-holiday-2024-01-04\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"990","article-title":"Dancing Countryside\u2019s Landscape Production of Internet-Famous Tourist Destinations: A Case Study of Taipan Village in Guizhou Province","volume":"45","author":"Tao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1300","article-title":"Walking the hidden city: The role of citywalk in shaping destination branding experience","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tour. Recreat. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2023.04.004","article-title":"The role of humanitarian celebrities in volunteer tourism: Exploring their representation on Instagram","volume":"55","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"82","article-title":"A Study of Shanghai Tourist Destination Brand Equity: Perspectives from Western Group Tourists","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Tour. Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dom\u00e8nech, A., Mohino, I., and Moya-G\u00f3mez, B. (2020). Using Flickr Geotagged Photos to Estimate Visitor Trajectories in World Heritage Cities. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9110646"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2019.1706458","article-title":"Taking the Urban Tourist Activity Pulse Through Digital Footprints","volume":"24","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.02.020","article-title":"The role of distance in online social networks: A case study of urban residents in Nanjing, China","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2014.09.011","article-title":"Evaluating the structure and use of hiking trails in recreational areas using a mixed GPS tracking and graph theory approach","volume":"55","author":"Taczanowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111841","article-title":"Improving understanding and management of the complex relationship between visitor motivations and spatial behaviors in parks and protected areas","volume":"280","author":"Monz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220574","DOI":"10.1080\/21650020.2023.2220574","article-title":"Predictors of distractive activities to walking in Accra, Ghana","volume":"11","author":"Sam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urban Plan. Transp. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhou, C., Bai, R., and Li, C. (2024). A Study on the Spatiotemporal Distribution and Usage Pattern of Dockless Shared Bicycles\u2014The Case of Nanjing. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13090301"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2026, January 25). Xiaohongshu Released the 2023 Annual Life Trends: Listening to Persuasion, Citywalk, and Conspicuous Bag. Available online: https:\/\/baijiahao.baidu.com\/s?id=1786346954205671102&wfr=spider&for=pc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Wang, Z., Yong, Z., Xu, P., Wang, Q., and Du, X. (2023). The Spatiotemporal Pattern Evolution and Driving Force of Tourism Information Flow in the Chengdu\u2013Chongqing City Cluster. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12100414"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/13527258.2014.884015","article-title":"Connecting with the past through social media: The \u2018Beautiful buildings and cool places Perth has lost\u2019 Facebook group","volume":"21","author":"Gregory","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Herit. Stud."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginzarly, M. (2021). Social Media Data for the Conservation of Historic Urban Landscapes: Prospects and Challenges. Culture and Computing. Design Thinking and Cultural Computing, Spring.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77431-8_13"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.34659\/eis.2023.86.3.506","article-title":"Analysis of the development of tourism and recreation infrastructure in the forest districts of the regional directorate of state forests in Bia\u0142ystok","volume":"86","author":"Jalinik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Econ. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2025.113417","article-title":"Installation of pocket parks in mountainous cities: A case study on the nonlinear effect of the built environment on pocket park vitality in Chongqing, China","volume":"173","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.09.559","article-title":"Microclimate perception features of commercial street in severe cold cities","volume":"134","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-025-1582-6","article-title":"Spatial Network Structure Characteristics and Resilience Evaluation of Urban Ice and Snow Activities in Cold Border Regions: A Case Study of Harbin City, China","volume":"36","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, M., and Costa, R. (2022). Tracking Technologies in Tourism: A Bibliometric and Content Review. Advances in Tourism, Technology and Systems, Spring.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-9701-2_18"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79003","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2990348","article-title":"Improving Itinerary Recommendations for Tourists Through Metaheuristic Algorithms: An Optimization Proposal","volume":"8","author":"Tenemaza","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2017.1388771","article-title":"Smart destinations and the evolution of ICTs: A new scenario for destination management?","volume":"22","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-07-2023-0468","article-title":"Exploring digital innovation in smart tourism destinations: Insights from 31 premier tourist cities in digital China","volume":"80","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tour. Rev."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/15\/5\/214\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T04:17:50Z","timestamp":1779423470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/15\/5\/214"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi15050214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi15050214","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]}}}