{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T17:09:24Z","timestamp":1779469764630,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research presents a comprehensive spatial\u2013temporal analysis of urban form and growth in Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA, from 1900 to 2017 at the land parcel level. Employing a data fusion framework, we integrate diverse datasets\u2014including historical cadastral records, census data, remote sensing imagery, and infrastructure maps\u2014to examine urban morphology through Euclidean and fractal geometries. Urban growth was reconstructed and visualized by decade and cumulatively, revealing dynamic patterns of expansion, densification, and fragmentation. Using scatterplot matrices and the Hausdorff box-counting algorithm, we quantified urban form across major land use types and temporal intervals. The fusion of socio-physical variables with mathematical functions enabled multi-scale modeling of urban transitions, aligning spatial, temporal, and thematic dimensions. Key findings include: (1) multidirectional spatial expansion resulting in a sprawling urban footprint at different rates over 117 years; (2) exponential growth between 1950 and 2000 with slower rates before and after manifesting a classic S-curve urban development by Northam; (3) a pivotal moment in 1993 when urbanized and rural lands reached parity, reflecting balanced urbanization in terms of population and land area for cities and rural areas for Mecklenburg; and (4) consistent quantitative relationships\u2014linear, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, and proportional\u2014between urban form and growth metrics. This study\u2019s novelty lies in its integrated spatial\u2013temporal framework not only for combining both Euclidean and fractal geometric analyses with fused multi-source data to uncover the evolving structure of urban landscapes, but also for offering valuable insights into efficient land uses to assess equitable land and population dynamics, all aiming to achieve a good understanding of and sound policies for Charlotte, Mecklenburg and beyond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15050218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:17:23Z","timestamp":1779203843000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Euclidean\u2013Fractal Measures of Spatial\u2013Temporal Urban Form and Growth with Data Fusion: The Case of Charlotte and Its Environs, USA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuxiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Spatial Planning and Design, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0420-314X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban and Sustainable Development, City University of Macau, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7804-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanguang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng Chye","family":"Kiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuxiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Spatial Planning and Design, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China"},{"name":"Institute of Urban and Sustainable Development, City University of Macau, Macau 999078, China"},{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dantzig, G.B., and Saaty, T.L. 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