{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:01:18Z","timestamp":1785427278356,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62541122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62541122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["62541122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62541122"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","award":["25KJB520017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25KJB520017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In distributed Geographic Information Systems (GIS), preserving topological validity without sacrificing real-time interactivity under high-frequency concurrent editing of spatial polygons remains a persistent challenge. Recent distance-based heuristic methods suffer from scale-dependent bottlenecks and unreliable topology preservation, while more robust application-layer caching mechanisms still incur severe queuing latency under intense concurrency. To overcome these limitations, we propose Geo-CRDT, a geometry-aware distributed data structure that integrates spatial constraints directly into its underlying architecture. By dynamically isolating concurrent spatial entanglements into a strictly bounded local scope S, the system deterministically resolves complex 2D conflicts via scalar projection, repairing the local topology in O(|S|) time. Rigorous simulations and a 15-participant real-world case study validate that Geo-CRDT sustains low-latency responsiveness and structural reliability under extreme concurrency, offering a robust foundation for large-scale crowdsourced spatial collaboration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15070302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:52:24Z","timestamp":1783007544000},"page":"302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Geo-CRDT: Geometry-Aware Collaborative Spatial Editing with Robust Topology Preservation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7129-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1913-5596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongbo","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingju","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7578-6376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jifa","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9184-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/17489725.2023.2265867","article-title":"Advances in location based services","volume":"17","author":"Krisp","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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