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Geo-Inf.","IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To advance environmental sustainability, China proposed the Beautiful China Goals (BCGs) as its localized strategy, with urban agglomerations serving as the key implementation scale. To address the limitations of difficulty in identifying key tasks and insufficient regional applicability, this study develops a multi-goal evaluation system comprising 21 goals and 52 indicators rooted in the policy framework. Methodologically, a three-tiered assessment framework\u2014goal, city, and region\u2014is constructed for urban agglomerations, integrating spatial-temporal analysis, city-level two-dimensional diagnostics, and regional synergy quantification. The framework is applied to the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA), a national-level pilot area for the BCGs, over the period 2015\u20132023. Results indicate that: (1) progress toward the BCGs in the YRDUA increased by 5.7%, but full achievement by 2035 remains unlikely. Significant structural imbalances exist among the 21 goals, with infrastructure-related goals scoring higher than those related to institutional development, innovation, and carbon neutrality. Spatially, BCGs\u2019 performance follows a \u201chigh southeast, low northwest\u201d pattern, although distribution varied by goal, and regional equity has improved. (2) Fewer than half of the 41 cities had achieved \u201cdouble high\u201d states in both development magnitude and evenness by 2023, with cities following four distinct development pathways that reflect differing priorities and strategies for goal attainment. (3) Intercity cooperation in advancing the BCGs remains limited. Synergistic effects are relatively stronger for green production goals but weaker for ecological, technological, and institutional goals, with Ningbo, Suzhou, and Shaoxing emerging as key contributors to regional synergy. This framework offers a replicable tool for regional environmental planning and provides evidence for BCGs implementation strategies in China and beyond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi15070337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:01:28Z","timestamp":1784768488000},"page":"337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Policy-Derived Multi-Tiered Analytical Framework for Assessing the Beautiful China Goals (BCGs) Implementation at the Urban Agglomeration Scale"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9147-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6552-0327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ze","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Finance, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China"},{"name":"Low Carbon Economy Research Institute, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7606-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Three Gorges Corporation, Wuhan 430014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8347-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asia Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The United Nations (2015). 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