{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:19:55Z","timestamp":1765887595985,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]],"date-time":"2014-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geoportals are established to function as main gateways to find, evaluate, and start \u201cusing\u201d geographic information. Still, current geoportal implementations face problems in optimizing the discovery process due to semantic heterogeneity issues, which leads to low recall and low precision in performing text-based searches. Therefore, we propose an enhanced semantic discovery approach that supports multilingualism and information domain context. Thus, we present workflow that enriches existing structured metadata with synonyms, toponyms, and translated terms derived from user-defined keywords based on multilingual thesauri and ontologies. To make the results easier and understandable, we also provide automated translation capabilities for the resource metadata to support the user in conceiving the thematic content of the descriptive metadata, even if it has been documented using a language the user is not familiar with. In addition, to text-enable spatial filtering capabilities, we add additional location name keywords to metadata sets. These are based on the existing bounding box and shall tweak discovery scores when performing single text line queries. In order to improve the user\u2019s search experience, we tailor faceted search strategies presenting an enhanced query interface for geo-metadata discovery that are transparently leveraging the underlying thesauri and ontologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3010345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]],"date-time":"2014-03-17T12:40:04Z","timestamp":1395060004000},"page":"345-367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Geo-Enrichment and Semantic Enhancement of Metadata Sets to Augment Discovery in Geoportals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Vockner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Studios Austria\u2014Studio iSPACE, Schillerstr. 25, Salzburg 5020, Austria"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Mittlb\u00f6ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Studios Austria\u2014Studio iSPACE, Schillerstr. 25, Salzburg 5020, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810500399688","article-title":"Understanding SDI; complexity and institutionalization","volume":"20","author":"Man","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"The EuroGEOSS Brokering Platform. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/www.eurogeoss.eu\/broker\/Pages\/TheEuroGEOSSBrokeringPlatform.aspx."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2007.09.017","article-title":"Overcoming semantic heterogeneity in spatial data infrastructures","volume":"35","author":"Lutz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Nowak, J., Nogueras-Iso, J., and Peedell, S. (July, January 29). Issues of Multilinguality in Creating a European SDI\u2014The Perspective for Spatial Data Interoperability. Proceedings of the 11th EC GI&GIS Workshop, ESDI Setting the Framework, Alghero, Italy."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Nogueras-Iso, J., Zarazaga-Soria, F.J., Lacasta, J., Tolosana, R., and Muro-Medrano, P.R. (2004, January 23\u201325). Improving Multilingual Catalog Search Services by Means of Multilingual Thesaurus Disambiguation. Proceedings of the 10th EC GI & GIS Workshop, ESDI State of the Art,  Warsaw, Poland."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2007.250587","article-title":"Resource discovery in a European spatial data infrastructure","volume":"19","author":"Smits","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Wache, H., V\u00f6gele, T., Visser, U., Stuckenschmidt, H., Schuster, G., Neumann, H., and H\u00fcbner, S. (2001, January 4\u20135). Ontology-Based Integration of Information\u2014A Survey of Existing Approaches. Proceedings of the IJCAI-01 Workshop: Ontologies and Information Sharing, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2008.02.033","article-title":"Ontology-driven geographic information integration: A survey of current approaches","volume":"35","author":"Buccella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"181","article-title":"Using semantic similarity to improve information discovery in spatial data infrastructures","volume":"2","author":"Andrade","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Inf. Data"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renteria-Agualimpia, W., Lopez-Pellicer, F.J., Lacasta, J., Zarazaga-Soria, F.J., and Muro-Medrano, P.R. (2013, January 12\u201314). Identifying Hidden Geospatial Resources in Catalogues. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics (WIMS), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/2479787.2479812"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Nebert, D. GEOSS AIP-2 Polar Ecosystems Biodiversity SBA Engineering Report. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/www.ogcnetwork.net\/system\/files\/Final_090721_Polar_ER_ecosystems_v1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Fileto, R. Issues on Interoperability and Integration of Heterogeneous Geographical Data. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/www.geoinfo.info\/proceedings_geoinfo2001.split\/paper6.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Papazoglou, M., and Schlageter, G. (1997). Cooperative Information Systems: Trends and Directions, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Xu, Z., and Lee, Y.C. Semantic Heterogeneity of Geodata. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/www.isprs.org\/proceedings\/XXXIV\/part4\/pdfpapers\/499.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1145\/96602.96604","article-title":"Federated database systems for managing distributed, heterogeneous, and autonomous databases","volume":"22","author":"Sheth","year":"1990","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Dominich, S. (2008). The Modern Algebra of Information Retrieval, Springer Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry, M.W., and Browne, M. (2005). Understanding Search Engines: Mathematical Modeling and Text. Retrieval (Software, Environments, Tools), Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9780898718164"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manikandan, B., and Shrira, R. (2011, January 8\u201310). A Novel Approach for Cross Language Information Retrieval. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Electronics Computer Technology (ICECT), Kanyakumari, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECTECH.2011.5942045"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-87473-7_10","article-title":"Similarity-Based Information Retrieval and Its Role within Spatial Data Infrastructures","volume":"Volume 5266","author":"Janowicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Geographic Information Science"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Ke\u00dfler, C., Raubal, M., and Wosniok, C. Semantic Rules for Context-Aware Geographical Information Retrieval. Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Smart Sensing and Context."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/11508373_3","article-title":"Understanding Context Before Using It","volume":"Volume 3554","author":"Dey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Modeling and Using Context"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1995.1081","article-title":"Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing","volume":"43","author":"Gruber","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2007.08.009","article-title":"Developing a modular hydrogeology ontology by extending the SWEET upper-level ontologies","volume":"34","author":"Tripathi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Society, I.C. Thesaurus FAQs. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/www.computer.org\/portal\/web\/tandc\/Thesaurus-FAQ."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"EIONET GEMET Thesaurus. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/www.eionet.europa.eu\/gemet."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"SWEET Ontology, Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/sweet.jpl.nasa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"What is Wordnet?. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/wordnet.princeton.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Openthesaurus.de-Synonyme und Assoziationen. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/www.openthesaurus.de\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"UNESCO Thesaurus. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/databases.unesco.org\/thesaurus\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"AGROVOC. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/aims.fao.org\/standards\/agrovoc\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"EuroVoc, the EU\u2019s Multilingual Thesaurus. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/eurovoc.europa.eu\/.(accessed."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Wiktionary. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/www.wiktionary.org\/.(accessed."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ryttersgaard, J. (2001, January 2\u20135). Spatial Data Infrastructure, Developing Trends and Challenges. Proceedings of International Conference on Spatial Information for Sustainable Development, Nairobi, Kenya."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"CKAN, the World\u2019S Leading Open-Source Data Portal Platform. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/ckan.org\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"OGD Metadata-2.2. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/reference.e-government.gv.at\/Veroeffentlichte-Informationen.2774.0.html."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Geoplatform.at. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/www.geoplatform.at(accessed."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"ESRI Geoportal Server. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/www.esri.com\/software\/arcgis\/geoportal."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"GeoNetwork Opensource. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/geonetwork-opensource.org\/."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN). Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/lod2.eu\/Project\/CKAN.html."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"CKAN: Apt-Get for the Debian of Data. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/events.ccc.de\/congress\/2009\/Fahrplan\/events\/3647.en.html(accessed."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Ckanclient. Available online:\t\t  https:\/\/github.com\/okfn\/ckanclient."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Ztfy.Thesaurus. Available online:\t\t  https:\/\/pypi.python.org\/pypi\/ztfy.thesaurus."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Python-Skos. Available online:\t\t  https:\/\/pypi.python.org\/pypi\/python-skos."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Natural Language Toolkit. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/www.nltk.org."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Requests. Available online:\t\t  https:\/\/pypi.python.org\/pypi\/requests\/2.2.1."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Microsoft Tranlator. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/translator\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Geopy\u2014A Geocoding Toolbox for Python. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/code.google.com\/p\/geopy\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Geodict\u2014An Open-Source Tool for Extracting Locations from Text. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/petewarden.com\/2010\/10\/03\/geodict-an-open-source-tool-for-extracting-locations-from-text\/."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Apache Solr. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/lucene.apache.org\/solr\/."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Geoportal Facets. Available online:\t\t  https:\/\/github.com\/Esri\/geoportal-server\/wiki\/Geoportal-Facets."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"OGC GeoSPARQL\u2014A Geographic Query Language for RDF Data. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/www.opengeospatial.org\/standards\/geosparql."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi2020256","article-title":"From geoportals to geographic knowledge portals","volume":"2","author":"Vockner","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumais, S.T., Furnas, G.W., Landauer, T.K., Deerwester, S., and Harshman, R. (1988, January 15\u201319). Using Latent Semantic Analysis to Improve Access to Textual Information. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/57167.57214"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Janowicz, K., Schwarz, M., and Wilkes, M. (2009, January 8\u201311). Implementation and Evaluation of a Semantics-Based User Interface for Web Gazetteers. Proceedings of the Visual Interfaces to the Social and the Semantic Web (VISSW 2009) Workshop in conjunction with the International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI 2009), Sanibel Island, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Sinkkil\u00e4, R., M\u00e4kel\u00e4, E., Kauppinen, T., and Hyv\u00f6nen, E. (2008, January 1\u20135). Combining Context Navigation with Semantic Autocompletion to Solve Problems in Concept Selection. Proceedings of the SEMMA 2008 Workshop, 5th European Semantic Web Conference 2008, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyv\u00f6nen, E., and M\u00e4kel\u00e4, E. (2006, January 3\u20137). Semantic Autocompletion. Proceedings of the First Asian conference on the Semantic Web, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/11836025_72"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Hildebrand, M., Ossenbruggen, J.R.V., Amin, A.K., Aroyo, L.M., Wielermaker, J., and Hardman, L. (2007). The Design Space of a Configurable Autocompletion Component, Stichting Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Moeller, A., Page, B., and Schreiber, M. (2008, January 10\u201312). INSPIRE-ing GEMET\u2014Enhancing Metadata Creation and Discovery. Proceedings of Environmental Informatics and Industrial Ecology L\u00fcneburg, 2008, L\u00fcneburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"jOWL Ontology Browser. Available online:\t\t  http:\/\/jowl.ontologyonline.org\/."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Croft, W.B., and Das, R. (1990, January 5\u20137). Experiments with Query Acquisition and Use in Document Retrieval Systems. Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Acm Sigir Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1145\/96749.98240"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Ossenbruggen, J.V., and Hildebrand, A.A.M. (2008, January 5\u201310). Why Evaluating Semantic Web Applications is Difficult. Proceedings of Semantic Web User Interaction at CHI 2008: Exploring HCI Challenges, Florence, Italy."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/3\/1\/345\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:18Z","timestamp":1760216958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/3\/1\/345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi3010345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi3010345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]]}}}