{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T05:45:58Z","timestamp":1782366358837,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A conceptual flash flood early warning system for developing countries is described. The system uses rainfall intensity data from terrestrial microwave communication links and the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation satellite, i.e., two systems that are already in place and operational. Flash flood early warnings are based on a combination  of the Flash Flood Guidance method and a hydrological model. The system will be maintained and operated through a public-private partnership, which includes a mobile telephone operator, a national meteorological service and an emergency relief service. The mobile telephone operator acts as both the supplier of raw input data and the disseminator of early warnings. The early warning system could significantly reduce the number of fatalities due to flash floods, improve the efficiency of disaster risk reduction efforts and play an important role in strengthening the resilience to climate change of developing countries in Africa. This paper describes the system that is currently being developed  for Kenya.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3020584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T12:18:37Z","timestamp":1398169117000},"page":"584-598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["A Conceptual Flash Flood Early Warning System for Africa, Based on Terrestrial Microwave Links and Flash Flood Guidance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Joost","family":"Hoedjes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Kooiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERVIR Africa, NASA-RCMRD, 00618 Roysambu Kasarani, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Maathuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente,  7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Becht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente,  7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Limo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safaricom, 00800 Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Mumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safaricom, 00800 Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Nduhiu-Mathenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safaricom, 00800 Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayub","family":"Shaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Meteorological Department, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bob","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente,  7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNISDR Available online:http:\/\/www.unisdr.org\/archive\/31685."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"NOAA Available online:http:\/\/www.meted.ucar.edu."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2007.07.009","article-title":"Regional frequency analysis of extreme precipitation in the eastern Italian Alps and the August 29, 2003 flash flood","volume":"345","author":"Norbiato","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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