{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T13:46:44Z","timestamp":1773323204094,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,4]],"date-time":"2014-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid prototyping has received considerable interest with the introduction of affordable rapid prototyping machines. These machines can be used to manufacture physical models from three-dimensional digital mesh models. In this paper, we compare the results obtained with a new, affordable, rapid prototyping machine, and a traditional professional machine. Two separate data sets are used for this, both of which were acquired using terrestrial laser scanning. Both of the machines were able to produce complex and highly detailed geometries in plastic material from models based on terrestrial laser scanning. The dimensional accuracies and detail levels of the machines were comparable, and the physical artifacts caused by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique used in the rapid prototyping machines could be found in both models. The accuracy of terrestrial laser scanning exceeded the requirements for manufacturing physical models of large statues and building segments at a 1:40 scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3030871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,4]],"date-time":"2014-07-04T10:37:36Z","timestamp":1404470256000},"page":"871-890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Rapid Prototyping \u2014 A Tool for Presenting 3-Dimensional Digital Models Produced by Terrestrial Laser Scanning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Juho-Pekka","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15800, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannu","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15800, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Construction and Real Estate, Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, FI-00079 Metropolia, Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Geodetic Institute, P.O. Box 15, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Kurkela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15800, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9907-0516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Vaaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15800, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petteri","family":"Alho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15800, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15800, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Geodetic Institute, P.O. Box 15, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lee, H.S., and Choi, J. (2004, January 28\u201330). Rapid Prototyping Techniques for Building Program Study. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA \u201804), Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4013\/arq.2010.61.05","article-title":"The roles of a model","volume":"6","author":"Celani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arquiteturarevista"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01322222","article-title":"A study of the state-of-the-art rapid prototyping technologies","volume":"14","author":"Chua","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Remondino, F., and El-Hakim, S. (2011, January 2\u20134). From Real to... \u201cReal\u201d. A Review of Geomatic and Rapid Prototyping Techniques for Solid Modelling in Cultural Heritage Field. Proceedings of the ISPRS Trento 2011 Workshop, Trento, Italy."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"721","article-title":"Application of High Resolution Scanning Systems for Virtual Moulds and Replicas of Sculptural Works","volume":"Volume XXXVI-5\/C53","author":"Tucci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-First CIPA Symposium"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Mueller, D.H., and Mueller, H. (2000, January 25\u201327). Experiences Using Rapid Prototyping Techniques to Manufacture Sheet Metal Forming Tools. Proceedings of the ISATA Conference, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Yang, T., Buswell, R.A., and Cook, M.J. (2011, January 14\u201316). Exploring Rapid Prototyping Techniques for Validating Numerical Models of Naturally Ventilated Buildings. Proceedings of the 12th International IBPSA Conference, International Building Performance Simulation Association, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Armenakis, C., and Lee, Y.C. (2002, January 9\u201312). Physical Models of GIS Objects by Rapid Prototyping. Proceedings of the ISPRS Commission IVSymposium 2002, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Part 4."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(95)00035-6","article-title":"A review of rapid prototyping technologies and systems","volume":"28","author":"Yan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Des."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1108\/01445150310698634","article-title":"The rapid prototyping technologies","volume":"23","author":"Upcraft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Assem. Autom."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1108\/01445151111117737","article-title":"Entry-level RP machines: How well can they cope with geometric complexity?","volume":"31","author":"Pei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Assem. Autom."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Creatr. Available online:https:\/\/www.lpfrg.com\/product\/creatr\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Cube 3D Printer. Available online:http:\/\/cubify.com\/en\/Cube\/TechSpecs."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ultimaker 2 Our Latest 3D Printer. Available online:https:\/\/www.ultimaker.com\/pages\/our-printers\/ultimaker-2."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Solidoodle 3D Printer, 3rd Generation. Available online:http:\/\/store.solidoodle.com\/index.php?route=product\/product&product_id=79."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"R1 \u201cABS + PLA Model\u201d 3D Printer. Available online:http:\/\/www.robo3dprinter.com\/collections\/3d-printers\/products\/robo-3d-abs-model-fully-assembled."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Makerbot Replicator Mini. Available online:http:\/\/store.makerbot.com\/replicator-mini."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"3D Printing Service i.materialise. Available online:http:\/\/i.materialise.com\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Shapeways\u2014Make, Buy, and Sell Products with 3D Printing. Available online:http:\/\/www.shapeways.com\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Atkinson, K.B. (1996). Close-Range Photogrammetry and Machine Vision, Whittles Publishing."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Altan, O. (2004, January 12\u201323). 3D Modeling and Visualization of Large Cultural Heritage Sites at Very High Resolution: The Bamiyan Valley and Its Standing Buddhas. Proceedings of the XXth ISPRS Congress Technical Commission V, Istanbul, Turkey. Part B5."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Bethmann, F., Herd, B., Luhmann, T., and Ohm, J. (2009). Optical 3D Measurement Techniques, Technical University Vienna."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-007-0081-9","article-title":"3D urban scene modeling integrating recognition and reconstruction","volume":"78","author":"Cornelis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2011.03.018","article-title":"Standard artifact for the geometric verification of terrestrial laser scanning systems","volume":"43","author":"Riveiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3030587","article-title":"Mapping topography changes and elevation accuracies using a mobile laser scanner","volume":"3","author":"Vaaja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2007.02.008","article-title":"An approach for real world data modelling with the 3D terrestrial laser","volume":"16","author":"Arayici","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1144\/0016-76492007-100","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning in geology: Data acquisition, processing and accuracy considerations","volume":"165","author":"Buckley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Pu, S. (2008). Advances in 3D Geoinformation Systems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.04.001","article-title":"Knowledge based reconstruction of building models from terrestrial laser scanning data","volume":"64","author":"Pu","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyyppa, J., Jaakkola, A., Hyyppa, H., Kaartinen, H., Kukko, A., Holopainen, M., Zhu, L., Vastaranta, M., Kaasalainen, S., and Krooks, A. (2009, January 20\u201322). Map Updating and Change Detection Using Vehicle-Based Laser Scanning. Proceedings of the Urban Remote Sensing Event, 2009 Joint, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/URS.2009.5137682"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.07.005","article-title":"Geometric validation of a ground-based mobile laser scanning system","volume":"63","author":"Barber","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2012.05.029","article-title":"Accuracy verification of the Lynx Mobile Mapper system","volume":"45","author":"Puente","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Beraldin, J.-A., Picard, M., El-Hakim, S.F., Godin, G., Valzano, V., Bandiera, A., and Latouche, C. (2002, January 25\u201327). Virtualizing a Byzantine Crypt by Combining High-Resolution Textures with Laser Scanner 3D Data. Proceedings of the VSMM 2002, Gyeongju, Korea."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voigt, A., and Martens, B. (2006, January 6\u20139). Development of 3D Tactile Models for the Partially Sighted to Facilitate Spatial Orientation. Proceedings of the 24th eCAADe Conference, Volos, Greece.","DOI":"10.52842\/conf.ecaade.2006.366"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Balzani, M., Santopuoli, N., Grieco, A., and Zaltron, N. (2004, January 18\u201321). Laser Scanner 3D Survey in Archaeological Field: The Forum of Pompeii. Proceedings of International Conference on Remote Sensing Archaeology, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Reznicek, J., and Pavelka, K. (2009, January 11\u201315). Culture Heritage Preservation with Optical Correlation Scanner. Proceedings of the 22nd CIPA Symposium, Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3390\/s90100568","article-title":"State-of-the-art and applications of 3D imaging sensors in industry, cultural heritage, medicine, and criminal investigation","volume":"9","author":"Sansoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Schwarzbach, F., Sarjakoski, T., Oksanen, J., Sarjakoski, L.T., and Weckman, S. (2012). True-3D in Cartography, Springer."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Rase, W.-D. Visualization of Cartographic Surfaces Using 3D Printing and Subsurface Engraving. Available online:http:\/\/www.bbsr.bund.de\/cln_016\/nn_340582\/BBSR\/DE\/Raumbeobachtung\/DE\/Raumbeobachtug\/Werkzeuge\/Visualisierung\/Veroeffentlichungen__Artikel\/Veroeffentlichungen__Downloads.html."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"73","article-title":"Basic solutions on shape complexity evaluation of STL data","volume":"26","author":"Valentan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"ZPrinter\u00ae 450. Available online:http:\/\/www.zcorp.com\/en\/Products\/3D-Printers\/ZPrinter-450\/spage.aspx."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11712","DOI":"10.3390\/s120911712","article-title":"Multiplatform mobile laser scanning: Usability and performance","volume":"12","author":"Kukko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/3\/3\/871\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:13:17Z","timestamp":1760217197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/3\/3\/871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi3030871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi3030871","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,4]]}}}