{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:24:02Z","timestamp":1760243042930,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]],"date-time":"2015-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Creating as-built plans of building interiors is a challenging task. In this paper we present a semi-automatic modelling system for creating residential building interior plans and their integration with existing map data to produce building models. Taking a set of imprecise measurements made with an interactive mobile phone room mapping application, the system performs spatial adjustments in accordance with soft and hard constraints imposed on the building plan geometry. The approach uses an optimisation model that exploits a high accuracy building outline, such as can be found in topographic map data, and the building topology to improve the quality of interior measurements and generate a standardised output. We test our system on building plans of five residential homes. Our evaluation shows that the approach enables construction of accurate interior plans from imprecise measurements. The experiments report an average accuracy of 0.24 m, close to the 0.20 m recommended by the CityGML LoD4 specification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4020989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]],"date-time":"2015-06-12T10:56:00Z","timestamp":1434106560000},"page":"989-1012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Modelling of Building Interiors with Mobile Phone Sensor Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Julian","family":"Rosser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Geospatial Institute, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ordnance Survey, Explorer House, Adanac Drive, Southampton SO16 0AS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horizon Digital Economy Research, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road,  Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mura, C., Mattausch, O., Villanueva, A.J., Gobbetti, E., and Pajarola, R. (2013, January 16\u201318). Robust reconstruction of interior building structures with multiple rooms under clutter and occlusions. Proceedings of 2013 International Conference on Computer-Aided Design and Computer Graphics (CAD\/Graphics), Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CADGraphics.2013.14"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.02.004","article-title":"Indoor scene reconstruction using feature sensitive primitive extraction and graph-cut","volume":"90","author":"Oesau","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364911434148","article-title":"RGB-D mapping: Using Kinect-style depth cameras for dense 3D modeling of indoor environments","volume":"31","author":"Henry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Rob. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.3390\/s120201437","article-title":"Accuracy and resolution of Kinect depth data for indoor mapping applications","volume":"12","author":"Khoshelham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2012.95","article-title":"Image-based remodeling","volume":"19","author":"Colburn","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabral, R., and Furukawa, Y. (2014, January 23\u201328). Piecewise planar and compact floorplan reconstruction from images. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Columbus, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.546"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, E., and Zakhor, A. (2012, January 13\u201315). Watertight as-built architectural floor plans generated from laser range data. Proceedings of 2012 Second International Conference on 3D Imaging, Modeling, Processing, Visualization and Transmission (3DIMPVT), Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/3DIMPVT.2012.80"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"55","article-title":"Automated 3D reconstruction of interiors from point clouds","volume":"8","author":"Budroni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T., Grasset, R., Schmalstieg, D., and Reitmayr, G. (2013, January 1\u20134). Interactive syntactic modeling with a single-point laser range finder and camera. Proceedings of 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Adelaide, SA, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2013.6671770"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Kim, Y.M., Dolson, J., Sokolsky, M., Koltun, V., and Thrun, S. (2012, January 14\u201318). Interactive acquisition of residential floor plans. Proceedings of 2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Saint Paul, MN, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Xiang, Y., Pan, X., Li, K., Lv, Q., Dick, R.P., Shang, L., and Hannigan, M. (2013, January 8\u201312). Hallway based automatic indoor floorplan construction using room fingerprints. Proceedings of the 2013 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp \u201913), Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2493432.2493470"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzantot, M., and Youssef, M. (2012, January 6\u20139). CrowdInside: Automatic construction of indoor floorplans. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (SIGSPATIAL \u201912), Redondo Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2424321.2424335"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2010.06.007","article-title":"Automatic reconstruction of as-built building information models from laser-scanned point clouds: A review of related techniques","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Sensopia MagicPlan. Available online: http:\/\/www.sensopia.com\/english\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sankar, A., and Seitz, S. (2012, January 7\u201310). Capturing indoor scenes with smartphones. Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST \u201912), Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2380116.2380168"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-014-0947-0","article-title":"Effective mobile mapping of multi-room indoor structures","volume":"30","author":"Pintore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Clemen, C., and Gruendig, L. (2009, January 23\u201330). 3D building information efficiently acquired and managed. Proceedings of the FIG Comissions 5, 6 and SSGA Workshop, Lake Baikal, Listvyanka, Russia."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2005.10.012","article-title":"Integrated architectural surveying and planning","volume":"16","author":"Donath","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Peter, M., Becker, S., and Fritsch, D. (2013, January 25\u201330). Grammar supported indoor mapping. Proceedings of the 26th International Cartographic Conference, Dresden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2010.05.007","article-title":"A GML shape grammar for semantically enriched 3D building models","volume":"34","author":"Hohmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-5805(00)00099-6","article-title":"Modeling architectural design objectives in physically based space planning","volume":"11","author":"Arvin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harada, M., Witkin, A., and Baraff, D. (1995, January 6\u201311). Interactive physically-based manipulation of discrete\/continuous models. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH \u201995), Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/218380.218443"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2366145.2366178","article-title":"Structural optimization of 3D masonry buildings","volume":"31","author":"Whiting","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-013-0825-1","article-title":"Constraint-aware interior layout exploration for pre-cast concrete-based buildings","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merrell, P., Schkufza, E., and Koltun, V. (2010). Computer-generated residential building layouts. ACM Trans. Graph., 29.","DOI":"10.1145\/1882261.1866203"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.04.004","article-title":"CityGML\u2014Interoperable semantic 3D city models","volume":"71","author":"Groger","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6ger, G., Kolbe, T.H., Nagel, C., and H\u00e4fele, K. OpenGIS City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) Encoding Standard. Available online: https:\/\/portal.opengeospatial.org\/files\/?artifact_id=47842."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-4-C26-29-2012","article-title":"Mobile modelling for crowdsourcing building interior data","volume":"XXXVIII-4\/C26","author":"Rosser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gander, W., and Hrebicekvon, J. (1995). Solving Problems in Scientific Computing Using Maple and MATLAB, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-97619-3"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ordnance Survey OS MasterMap Topography Layer User Guide. Available online: http:\/\/www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk\/docs\/user-guides\/os-mastermap-topography-layer-user-guide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1126\/science.220.4598.671","article-title":"Optimization by simulated annealing","volume":"220","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Reeves, C. (1993). Modern Heuristic Techniques for Combinatorial Problems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Hollis, M. (2005). Surveying Buildings, RICS. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, D., and Worthing, D. (2013). The Construction of Houses, Estates Gazette. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780080971018"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Rayward-Smith, V.J., Osman, I.H., Reeves, C.R., and Smith, G.D. (1996). Modern Heuristic Search Methods, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"KIT FZKViewer. Available online: http:\/\/iai-typo3.iai.fzk.de\/www-extern\/index.php?id=1931&L=1."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/4\/2\/989\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:50Z","timestamp":1760215670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/4\/2\/989"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi4020989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi4020989","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]}}}