{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T20:00:46Z","timestamp":1784059246881,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]],"date-time":"2015-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disaster risk information is spatial in nature and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) play an important key role by the services they provide to society. In this context, to risk management and governance, in general, and to civil protection, specifically (termed differently in many countries, and includes, for instance: civil contingencies in the UK, homeland security in the USA, disaster risk reduction at the UN level). The main impetus of this article is to summarize key contributions and challenges in utilizing and accepting GIS and RS methods and data for disaster risk governance, which includes public bodies, but also risk managers in industry and practitioners in search and rescue organizations. The article analyzes certain method developments, such as vulnerability indicators, crowdsourcing, and emerging concepts, such as Volunteered Geographic Information, but also investigates the potential of the topic Critical Infrastructure as it could be applied on spatial assets and GIS and RS itself. Intended to stimulate research on new and emerging fields, this article\u2019s main contribution is to move spatial research toward a more reflective stance where opportunities and challenges are equally and transparently addressed in order to gain more scientific quality. As a conclusion, GIS and RS can play a pivotal role not just in delivering data but also in connecting and analyzing data in a more integrative, holistic way.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4041848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]],"date-time":"2015-09-24T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1443091867000},"page":"1848-1869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Critical Data Source; Tool or Even Infrastructure? Challenges of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing for Disaster Risk Governance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Fekete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Rescue Engineering and Civil Protection, Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Betzdorfer Str. 2, K\u00f6ln 50679, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Tzavella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Rescue Engineering and Civil Protection, Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Betzdorfer Str. 2, K\u00f6ln 50679, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iuliana","family":"Armas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography, Department of Geomorphology-Pedology-Geomatics, University of Bucharest, NicolaeBalcescu 1, Sector 1, 010041 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Binner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Finance, Business School, University House, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Garschagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), United Nations University,  Bonn D-53113, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5358-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Giupponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venice Centre for Climate Studies, Department of Economics, Ca' Foscari University,  Venice 30121, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Mojtahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venice Centre for Climate Studies, Department of Economics, Ca' Foscari University,  Venice 30121, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Pettita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amigo S.R.L., via flaminia 48, Roma 00196, Italy"},{"name":"European Academy-EURAC, Institute for Applied Remote Sensing, European Academy of Bozen\/Bolzano, Viale Druso 1, Bolzano 39100, Italy,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schneiderbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Academy-EURAC, Institute for Applied Remote Sensing, European Academy of Bozen\/Bolzano, Viale Druso 1, Bolzano 39100, Italy,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Serre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR ESPACE 7300 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, Case 19, 74 rue Louis Pasteur, 84029 Avignon Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cartwright, S. 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