{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T04:58:03Z","timestamp":1764997083487,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,8]],"date-time":"2016-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Geographical Conditions Monitoring Project","award":["B1605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B1605"]}]},{"name":"Program for the Young Academic and Technological Leaders of NASG","award":["E1604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E1604"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41501192 and 41371406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41501192 and 41371406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Research Funding in CASM","award":["7771508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7771508"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasingly accelerated urbanization and socio-economic development can cause a series of environmental problems. Accurate and efficient monitoring of the geographical conditions is important for achieving sustainable development. This paper presents the first results of the project \u201cGeographical Conditions Monitoring (GCM)\u201d in an exemplified area \u201cBeijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH)\u201d in China over the last three decades. It focuses on four hot issues in BTH: distribution of dust surfaces and pollution industries, vegetation coverage, urban sprawl, and ground subsidence. The aim of this project is the detection of geographical condition changes and for the description of this development by indicators, as well as the analysis and evaluation of the effects of such processes on selected environmental perspectives. The results have shown that the contributions of the applied GCM in making the plan of urban design and nature conservation. Valuable experience gained from this project would be useful for further developing and applying GCM at the national level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5060089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,8]],"date-time":"2016-06-08T11:26:26Z","timestamp":1465385186000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Implementation of Geographical Conditions Monitoring in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jixian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6054-7866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.846418","article-title":"Understanding geographical conditions monitoring: A perspective from China","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/02688867.1986.9726545","article-title":"Monitoring as an extension of the impact assessment process for large projects","volume":"1","author":"Carley","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proj. Apprais."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"SanClements, M.D., Metzger, S., Luo, H., Pingintha-Durden, N., Zulueta, R., and Loescher, H.W. The national ecological observatory network (NEON): Providing free long-term ecological data on a continental scale. Available online: http:\/\/www.coopeus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/iLEAPS-Newsletter-Special_issue-on-RIs.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spacepol.2005.12.004","article-title":"The global earth observation system of systems: Science serving society","volume":"22","author":"Lautenbacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Space Policy"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"EEA Eionet Connects-Sharing Environmental Information in Europe. Available online: http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/eionet-connects."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"EEA Gmes Briefing. Available online: http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/about-us\/what\/seis-initiatives\/gmes-briefing."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Z., AghaKouchak, A., Nakhjiri, N., and Farahmand, A. (2014). Global integrated drought monitoring and prediction system. Sci. Data, 1.","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2014.1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.04.006","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between urbanization and the eco-environment\u2014A case study of Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei region","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2009.09.003","article-title":"Aerosol pollution in China: Present and future impact on environment","volume":"7","author":"Tie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003","article-title":"Air pollution in mega cities in China","volume":"42","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.08.041","article-title":"Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing using principal component analysis\/absolute principal component scores and unmix","volume":"372","author":"Song","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.03.036","article-title":"Seasonal trends in PM2.5 source contributions in Beijing, China","volume":"39","author":"Zheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.09.033","article-title":"Source apportionment of PM10 in six cities of northern China","volume":"41","author":"Bi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"34","article-title":"Urbanization process and the sustainable utilization of land resources","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Yunnan Geogr. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1668","article-title":"Coordination between urban land expansion and population growth in China","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"China Academy of Urban Planning and Design (CAUPD) (1989). Forecasting Urban Land Use in 2000, CAUPD. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"37","article-title":"A research on the spatial structure and efficiency of china\u2019s expansion of urban built-up area (1990\u20132009)","volume":"32","author":"An","year":"2012","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/01944369708975728","article-title":"Is LOS angeles-style sprawl desirable?","volume":"63","author":"Ewing","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"268","article-title":"A transboundary study of urban sprawl in the pacific coast region of North America: The benefits of multiple measurement methods","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2009.07.010","article-title":"Urban permeation of landscapes and sprawl per capita: New measures of urban sprawl","volume":"10","author":"Jaeger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/19479832.2014.941018","article-title":"Measuring the compactness of European medium-sized cities by spatial metrics based on fused data sets","volume":"6","author":"Stathakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Data Fusion"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6371","DOI":"10.3390\/s8106371","article-title":"Mining the urban sprawl pattern: A case study on Sunan, China","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698213795","article-title":"Relationships between percent vegetation cover and vegetation indices","volume":"19","author":"Purevdorj","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.07.011","article-title":"A comparison of methods for estimating fractional green vegetation cover within a desert-to-upland transition zone in central New Mexico, USA","volume":"98","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00289-9","article-title":"Novel algorithms for remote estimation of vegetation fraction","volume":"80","author":"Gitelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215333","article-title":"The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA\/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models","volume":"19","author":"Gutman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2010.11.038","article-title":"A study on the relationship between dynamic change of vegetation coverage and precipitation in Beijing\u2019s mountainous areas during the last 20 years","volume":"54","author":"Jing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.006","article-title":"Surface deformation detected by ALOS PALSAR small baseline SAR interferometry over permafrost environment of beiluhe section, Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mstc.2011.05.030","article-title":"Land subsidence monitoring by D-InSAR technique","volume":"21","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Min. Sci. Technol. (China)"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2015.04.020","article-title":"Land subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal in the northern Beijing plain, China","volume":"193","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.038","article-title":"Land subsidence in central Mexico detected by ALOS InSAR time-series","volume":"140","author":"Chaussard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/19479832.2015.1068874","article-title":"Ground deformation mapping by fusion of multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar images: A review","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Data Fusion"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/19479832.2010.499219","article-title":"Radar image and data fusion for natural hazards characterisation","volume":"1","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Data Fusion"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Department (EPD) (2013). Report of Environmental Exposure Related Activity Patterns Research of Chinese Population (Adults), China Environmental Science Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1451-6","article-title":"Spatial correlation between land subsidence and urbanization in Beijing, China","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S1006-1266(08)60293-X","article-title":"Land subsidence induced by groundwater extraction and building damage level assessment\u2014A case study of Datun, China","volume":"18","author":"Feng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. China Univ. Min. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-006-0548-y","article-title":"Ground subsidence, quaternary faults and vulnerability of utilities and transportation networks in Thessaly, Greece","volume":"52","author":"Kontogianni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maliva, R., and Missimer, T. (2012). Arid Lands Water Evaluation and Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29104-3"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyers, R. (2012). Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0851-3"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/6\/89\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:13Z","timestamp":1760210713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/6\/89"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,8]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi5060089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi5060089","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,8]]}}}