{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:52:13Z","timestamp":1780462333692,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,25]],"date-time":"2016-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rise of new technologies, citizens can contribute to scientific research via Web 2.0 applications for collecting and distributing geospatial data. Integrating local knowledge, personal experience and up-to-date geoinformation indicates a promising approach for the theoretical framework and the methods of natural hazard analysis. Our systematic literature review aims at identifying current research and directions for future research in terms of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) within natural hazard analysis. Focusing on both the preparedness and mitigation phase results in eleven articles from two literature databases. A qualitative analysis for in-depth information extraction reveals auspicious approaches regarding community engagement and data fusion, but also important research gaps. Mainly based in Europe and North America, the analysed studies deal primarily with floods and forest fires, applying geodata collected by trained citizens who are improving their knowledge and making their own interpretations. Yet, there is still a lack of common scientific terms and concepts. Future research can use these findings for the adaptation of scientific models of natural hazard analysis in order to enable the fusion of data from technical sensors and VGI. The development of such general methods shall contribute to establishing the user integration into various contexts, such as natural hazard analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5070103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,27]],"date-time":"2016-06-27T12:56:01Z","timestamp":1467032161000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Volunteered Geographic Information in Natural Hazard Analysis: A Systematic Literature Review of Current Approaches with a Focus on Preparedness and Mitigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Carolin","family":"Klonner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Us\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3160-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Porto de Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Methodologies, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5849-1461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"H\u00f6fle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Felgentreff, C., and Glade, T. (2008). Naturrisiken und Sozialkatastrophen, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"EM-DAT The OFDA\/CRED International Disaster Database. Available online: http:\/\/www.emdat.be\/disaster_trends\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebert, A., Banzhaf, E., and McPhee, J. (2009, January 20\u201322). The influence of urban expansion on the flood hazard in santiago de chile. Proceedings of the 2009 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/URS.2009.5137601"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Gebhardt, H., Glaser, R., Radtke, U., and Reuber, P. (2011). Geographie: Physische Geographie und Humangeographie, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J., and Rhind, D.W. (1999). Geographical Information Systems: Management Issues and Applications, Wiley. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3112\/erdkunde.2010.04.01","article-title":"Socio-environmental change and flood risks: The case of Santiago de Chile","volume":"64","author":"Ebert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Erdkunde"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Dokken, D.J., Ebi, K.L., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Plattner, G.-K., and Allen, S.K. (2012). Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139177245"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wisner, B. (2008). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters, Routledge. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"89","article-title":"Volunteered geographic information for disaster management with application to rapid flood damage estimation","volume":"64","author":"Poser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomatica"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-011-9423-9","article-title":"Geoweb and crisis management: Issues and perspectives of volunteered geographic information","volume":"78","author":"Roche","year":"2013","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-007-9111-y","article-title":"Citizens as sensors: The world of volunteered geography","volume":"69","author":"Goodchild","year":"2007","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"OpenStreetMap Openstreetmap. Available online: http:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.867495","article-title":"Quality assessment for building footprints data on openstreetmap","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jokar Arsanjani, J., and Bakillah, M. (2015). Understanding the potential relationship between the socio-economic variables and contributions to openstreetmap. Int. J. Digit. Earth.","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2014.951081"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2010.484869","article-title":"Digital earth\u2019s nervous system for crisis events: Real-time sensor web enablement of volunteered geographic information","volume":"3","author":"Annoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.05.005","article-title":"Automated geographic context analysis for volunteered information","volume":"43","author":"Spinsanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2014.996567","article-title":"A geographic approach for combining social media and authoritative data towards identifying useful information for disaster management","volume":"29","author":"Herfort","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2014.08.005","article-title":"Drought and food security\u2014Improving decision-support via new technologies and innovative collaboration","volume":"4","author":"Enenkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"OpenStreetMap Bing License. Available online: http:\/\/wiki.openstreetmap.org\/w\/images\/d\/d8\/Bing_license.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"OpenStreetMap Openstreetmap Bing. Available online: http:\/\/wiki.openstreetmap.org\/wiki\/Bing."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2012.712273","article-title":"Digital earth from vision to practice: Making sense of citizen-generated content","volume":"5","author":"Craglia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sui, D., Elwood, S., and Goodchild, M. (2013). Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4587-2"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Jeschonnek, L. (2011). WorldRiskReport 2011, B\u00fcndnis Entwicklung Hilft."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, W.W. (2014). Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery for Big Data: Methodologies, Challenge and Opportunities, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40837-3"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Horita, F.E.A., Degrossi, L.C., Assis, L.F.F.G., Zipf, A., and Porto de Albuquerque, J. (2013, January 15\u201317). The use of volunteered geographic information and crowdsourcing in disaster management: A systematic literature review. Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems AMCIS 2013, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aimone, A.M., Perumal, N., and Cole, D. (2013). A systematic review of the application and utility of geographical information systems for exploring disease-disease relationships in paediatric global health research: The case of anaemia and malaria. Int. J. Health Geogr., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-12-1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marx, S., Phalkey, R., Aranda-Jan, C., Profe, J., Sauerborn, R., and H\u00f6fle, B. (2014). Geographic information analysis and web-based geoportals to explore malnutrition in sub-saharan africa: A systematic review of approaches. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1189"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2008.09.009","article-title":"Systematic literature reviews in software engineering\u2014A systematic literature review","volume":"51","author":"Kitchenham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9492LSF","article-title":"Comparison of pubmed, scopus, web of science, and google scholar: Strengths and weaknesses","volume":"22","author":"Falagas","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Web of Science Web of Knowledge. Available online: http:\/\/www.webofknowledge.com."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Scopus. Available online: http:\/\/www.scopus.com."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680309600304","article-title":"Five steps to conducting a systematic review","volume":"96","author":"Khan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38636.593461.68","article-title":"Effectiveness and efficiency of search methods in systematic reviews of complex evidence: Audit of primary sources","volume":"331","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-1149-2009","article-title":"Assessing global exposure and vulnerability towards natural hazards: The disaster risk index","volume":"9","author":"Peduzzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-12-2743-2012","article-title":"A hydrological analysis of the 4 november 2011 event in genoa","volume":"12","author":"Silvestro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail-Zadeh, A. (2014). Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139523905"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-014-9204-3","article-title":"Crisis crowdsourcing framework: Designing strategic configurations of crowdsourcing for the emergency management domain","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Support. Coop. Work"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021739","article-title":"GIS-based roughness derivation for flood simulations: A comparison of orthophotos, lidar and crowdsourced geodata","volume":"6","author":"Dorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-669-2013","article-title":"Improving remote sensing flood assessment using volunteered geographical data","volume":"13","author":"Schnebele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1108\/IJDRBE-05-2012-0012","article-title":"Building community disaster resilience through a virtual community of practice (VCOP)","volume":"5","author":"Amaratunga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Resil. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.3390\/f4041199","article-title":"An exploratory assessment of a smartphone application for public participation in forest fuels measurement in the wildland-urban interface","volume":"4","author":"Ferster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12127","article-title":"A resource for those preparing for and responding to natural disasters, humanitarian crises, and major healthcare emergencies","volume":"7","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1071\/WF13173","article-title":"Assessing the quality of forest fuel loading data collected using public participation methods and smartphones","volume":"23","author":"Ferster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"WDS109","DOI":"10.2481\/dsj.WDS-018","article-title":"Multi-disciplinary approaches to intelligently sharing large-volumes of real-time sensor data during natural disasters","volume":"12","author":"Middleton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Data Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2014.04.007","article-title":"A cloud-based global flood disaster community cyber-infrastructure: Development and demonstration","volume":"58","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12073","article-title":"A comprehensive framework for intrinsic openstreetmap quality analysis","volume":"18","author":"Barron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1068\/b35097","article-title":"How good is volunteered geographical information? A comparative study of openstreetmap and ordnance survey datasets","volume":"37","author":"Haklay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruns, A. (2007, January 13\u201315). Produsage. Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCHI Conference on Creativity & Cognition, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1254960.1254975"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12092","article-title":"Social media and disasters: A functional framework for social media use in disaster planning, response, and research","volume":"39","author":"Houston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monroe, M.C., Pennisi, L., McCaffrey, S., and Mileti, D. (2006). Social Science to Improve Fuels Management: A Synthesis of Research Relevant to Communicating with Homeowners about Fuels Management, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, North Central Research Station. General Technical Report NC-267.","DOI":"10.2737\/NC-GTR-267"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-014-9597-z","article-title":"The limits of crisis data: Analytical and ethical challenges of using social and mobile data to understand disasters","volume":"80","author":"Crawford","year":"2015","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spasta.2012.03.002","article-title":"Assuring the quality of volunteered geographic information","volume":"1","author":"Goodchild","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spat. Stat."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2015.01.010","article-title":"Integrated research on disaster risk: Is it really integrated?","volume":"12","author":"Gall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.782073","article-title":"Citizen sensors or extreme publics? Transparency and accountability interventions on the mobile geoweb","volume":"7","author":"Georgiadou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2014.10.013","article-title":"Combining hazard, exposure and social vulnerability to provide lessons for flood risk management","volume":"47","author":"Koks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-014-1141-0","article-title":"Understanding trends and projections of disaster losses and climate change: Is vulnerability the missing link?","volume":"133","author":"Mechler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/fi4010001","article-title":"The street network evolution of crowdsourced maps: Openstreetmap in Germany 2007\u20132011","volume":"4","author":"Neis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Zielstra, D., and Zipf, A. (2010, January 10\u201314). A comparative study of proprietary geodata and volunteered geographic information for Germany. Proceedings of the 13th AGILE International Conference on Geographic Information Science, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2014.881427","article-title":"Updating digital elevation models via change detection and fusion of human and remote sensor data in urban environments","volume":"8","author":"Klonner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Felgentreff, C., and Glade, T. (2008). Naturrisiken und Sozialkatastrophen, Springer."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2013.777139","article-title":"Spatial, temporal, and socioeconomic patterns in the use of twitter and flickr","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2007.01036.x","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019ll never happen to me\u201d: Understanding public awareness of local flood risk","volume":"32","author":"Burningham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2012.01942.x","article-title":"The risk perception paradox\u2014Implications for governance and communication of natural hazards","volume":"33","author":"Wachinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanan, R., Lekshmy, V.M., Rao, S., and Sasidhar, K. (2014, January 11\u201313). A novel approach to urban flood monitoring using computer vision. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computing, Communications and Networking Technologies, Hefei, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT.2014.6962989"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/7\/103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:24:48Z","timestamp":1760210688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/7\/103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,25]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi5070103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi5070103","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,25]]}}}