{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:41:36Z","timestamp":1783507296438,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]],"date-time":"2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41471140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41471140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cellular automaton (CA) is an important method in land use and cover change studies, however, the majority of research focuses on the discovery of macroscopic factors affecting LUCC, which results in ignoring the local effects within the neighborhoods. This paper introduces a Local Land Use Competition Cellular Automata (LLUC-CA) model, based on local land use competition, land suitability evaluation, demand analysis of the different land use types, and multi-target land use competition allocation algorithm to simulate land use change at a micro level. The model is applied to simulate land use changes at Jinshitan National Tourist Holiday Resort from 1988 to 2012. The results show that the simulation accuracies were 64.46%, 77.21%, 85.30% and 99.14% for the agricultural land, construction land, forestland and water, respectively. In addition, comparing the simulation results of the LLUC-CA and CA-Markov model with the real land use data, their overall spatial accuracies were found to be 88.74% and 86.82%, respectively. In conclusion, the results from this study indicated that the model was an acceptable method for the simulation of large-scale land use changes, and the approach used here is applicable to analyzing the land use change driven forces and assist in decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5070106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]],"date-time":"2016-06-30T14:24:28Z","timestamp":1467296668000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A Local Land Use Competition Cellular Automata Model and Its Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6740-4358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Geomatics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"},{"name":"Key Laboatory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junru","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Geomatics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Geomatics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quansheng","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboatory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Shi, P., Gong, P., and Li, X. (2000). The Methods and Practices on Land Use\/Cover Change Research, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13976","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401545101","article-title":"Developing a science of land change: Challenges and methodological issues","volume":"101","author":"Rindfuss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5040042","article-title":"4D-SAS: A distributed dynamic-data driven simulation and analysis system for massive spatial agent-based modeling","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"94","article-title":"Land resource competition and land-use change in Shunyi district, Beijing","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"729","article-title":"Simulation of regional land use competition for Jiangxi province","volume":"35","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1299","article-title":"Modelling land use change dynamics under different aridification scenarios in northern China","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"224","article-title":"Prediction and comparison of the land use changes in Chansha city and Quanzhou city based on markov mode","volume":"20","author":"Lei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2012.12.003","article-title":"A multi-agent model system for land-use change simulation","volume":"42","author":"Ralha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8306.9302004","article-title":"Multi-agent systems for the simulation of land-use and land-cover change: A review","volume":"93","author":"Parker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1068\/a251175","article-title":"Cellular automata and fractal urban form: A cellular modelling approach to the evolution of urban land-use patterns","volume":"25","author":"White","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3041256","article-title":"Coupling land use change modeling with climate projections to estimate seasonal variability in runoff from an urbanizing catchment near Cincinnati, Ohio","volume":"3","author":"Mitsova","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi2030577","article-title":"Evaluation of model validation techniques in land cover dynamics","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi1010003","article-title":"Modeling urban land cover growth dynamics using multi-temporal satellite images: A case study of Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"1","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"207","article-title":"Analysis and simulation of land use spatial pattern in Harbin prefecture based on trajectories and cellular automata\u2014Markov modelling","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.2004.09402005.x","article-title":"Tobler\u2019s first law and spatial analysis","volume":"94","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Sun, Z., and Xie, Y. (1999). The Study of Geography Cellular Automata, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"3","article-title":"Theory of self-reproducing automata","volume":"5","year":"1966","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(02)00218-9","article-title":"Modelling dynamic spatial processes: Simulation of urban future scenarios through cellular automata","volume":"64","author":"Barredo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Cochinos, R. Introduction to the Theory of Cellular Automata and One-Dimensional Traffic Simulation. Available online: https:\/\/theory.org\/complexity\/traffic\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Li, X., Ye, J., Liu, X., and Yang, Q. (2007). Geographical Simulation System: Cellular Automata and Multi-Agent System, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(84)90245-8","article-title":"Universality and complexity in cellular automata","volume":"10","author":"Wolfram","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/136588198241617","article-title":"Loose-coupling a cellular automaton model and GIS: Long-term urban growth prediction for San Francisco and Washington\/Baltimore","volume":"12","author":"Clarke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-9715(99)00015-0","article-title":"Modeling urban dynamics through GIS-based cellular automata","volume":"23","author":"Batty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/136588100240886","article-title":"Modelling sustainable urban development by the integration of constrained cellular automata and GIS","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4020447","article-title":"Simulating urban growth using a random forest-cellular automata (RF-CA) model","volume":"4","author":"Kamusoko","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambin, E., and Geist, H. (2006). Land-Use and Land-Cover Change, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-32202-7"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"671","article-title":"A cellular automata land use model based on localized transition rules","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2010.03.001","article-title":"Cellular automata models for the simulation of real-world urban processes: A review and analysis","volume":"96","author":"Miranda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"A multitarget land use change simulation model based on cellular automata and its application","volume":"2014","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Abstr. Appl. Anal."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirakoulis, G.C., and Bandini, S. (2012). Cellular Automata, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33350-7"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2012.01.007","article-title":"A land-use systems approach to represent land-use dynamics at continental and global scales","volume":"33","author":"Letourneau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-014-0719-9","article-title":"A vector-based Cellular Automata model for simulating urban land use change","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2008.04.003","article-title":"Land-Use Dynamic Simulator (LUDAS): A multi-agent system model for simulating spatio-temporal dynamics of coupled human-landscape system. I. Structure and theoretical specification","volume":"3","author":"Le","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.01.009","article-title":"Spatiotemporal urbanization processes in the megacity of Mumbai, India: A Markov chains-cellular automata urban growth model","volume":"40","author":"Moghadam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"334","article-title":"Spatiotemporal simulation of tourist town growth based on the cellular automata model: The case of sanpo town in Hebei Province","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Abstr. Appl. Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lloyd, C.D. (2010). Local Models for Spatial Analysis, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/EBK1439829196"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1068\/b250103","article-title":"Simulation of land development through the integration of cellular automata and multicriteria evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"265","article-title":"Integration of logistic regression, Markov chain and cellular automata models to simulate urban expansion","volume":"21","author":"Helbich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.09.009","article-title":"Modeling urban land use change by the integration of cellular automaton and Markov model","volume":"222","author":"Guan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"461","article-title":"LUCC simulation based on the cellular automata simulation: A case study of Dalian economic and technological development zone","volume":"70","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1467","article-title":"Landscape patterns changes and dynamic simulation of coastal tourism town: A case study of Dalian Jinshitan national tourist holiday resort","volume":"33","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/7\/106\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:10Z","timestamp":1760210710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/7\/106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi5070106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi5070106","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]]}}}