{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:19:46Z","timestamp":1760242786993,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]],"date-time":"2016-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41271385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41271385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the recent big data era, massive spatial related data are continuously generated and scrambled from various sources. Acquiring accurate geographic information is also urgently demanded. How to accurately retrieve desired geographic information has become the prominent issue, needing to be resolved in high priority. The key technologies in geographic information retrieval are modeling document footprints and ranking documents based on their similarity evaluation. The traditional spatial similarity evaluation methods are mainly performed using a MBR (Minimum Bounding Rectangle) footprint model. However, due to its nature of simplification and roughness, the results of traditional methods tend to be isotropic and space-redundant. In this paper, a new model that constructs the footprints in the form of point-sets is presented. The point-set-based footprint coincides the nature of place names in web pages, so it is redundancy-free, consistent, accurate, and anisotropic to describe the spatial extents of documents, and can handle multi-scale geographic information. The corresponding spatial ranking method is also presented based on the point-set-based model. The new similarity evaluation algorithm of this method firstly measures multiple distances for the spatial proximity across different scales, and then combines the frequency of place names to improve the accuracy and precision. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the traditional methods with higher accuracies under different searching scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5070122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]],"date-time":"2016-07-15T11:08:05Z","timestamp":1468580885000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Point-Set-Based Footprint Model and Spatial Ranking Method for Geographic Information Retrieval"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1562-6228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Stats & Facts Google Places. Available online: https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/pressatgoogle.com\/googleplaces\/metrics.","key":"ref_1"},{"unstructured":"Neustar Localeze Local Search Usage Study. Available online: http:\/\/www.localsearchstudy.com\/.","key":"ref_2"},{"unstructured":"Smith, L., and Gluck, M. (1995). GIS and Libraries: Patrons, Maps and Spatial Information, Urbana-Champaign, University of Illinois.","key":"ref_3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, C.B., Alani, H., and Tudhope, D. (2001, January 19\u201323). Geographical information retrieval with ontologies of place. Proceedings of the Conference on Spatial Information Theory, Morro Bay, CA, USA.","key":"ref_4","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45424-1_22"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, C., Clough, P., and Gey, F.C. (2007). Evaluation of Multilingual and Multi-modal Information Retrieval, Springer Science & Business Media.","key":"ref_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74999-8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perters, C., Gey, F., Gonzalo, J., M\u00fcller, H., Jones, G.J.F., Kluck, M., Magnini, B., and de Rijke, M. (2006). Accessing Multilingual Information Repositories, Springer.","key":"ref_6","DOI":"10.1007\/11878773"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perters, C., Gey, F., Gonzalo, J., M\u00fcller, H., Jones, G.J.F., Kluck, M., Magnini, B., and de Rijke, M. (2006). Accessing Multilingual Information Repositories, Springer.","key":"ref_7","DOI":"10.1007\/11878773"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kornai, A. (2006). Evaluating Geographic Information Retrieval, Springer.","key":"ref_8","DOI":"10.1007\/11878773_104"},{"unstructured":"Heery, R., and Lyon, L. (2004). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3232, Springer.","key":"ref_9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter, C., Deselaers, T., Ferro, N., Gonzalo, J., Jones, G.J.F., Kurimo, M., Mandl, T., Peas, A., and Petras, V. (2009). Evaluating Systems for Multilingual and Multimodal Information Access, Springer.","key":"ref_10","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04447-2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, B., and Calado, P. (2010, January 28\u201329). Learning to rank for geographic information retrieval. Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Geographic Information Retrieval, Zurich, Switzerland.","key":"ref_11","DOI":"10.1145\/1722080.1722107"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1145\/568271.223798","article-title":"Topological relations in the world of minimum bounding rectangles: A study with R-trees","volume":"24","author":"Papadias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acm Sigmod Rec."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(88)90021-0","article-title":"Term-weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval","volume":"24","author":"Salton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Inf. Process. & Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30231-5_9","article-title":"The SPIRIT spatial search engine: Architecture, ontologies and spatial indexing","volume":"3234","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810601169840","article-title":"The design and implementation of SPIRIT: A spatially aware search engine for information retrieval on the Internet","volume":"21","author":"Purves","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Xie, X., Wang, C., Gong, Y., and Ma, W. (November, January 31). Hybrid index structures for location-based web search. Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Bremen, Germany.","key":"ref_16"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Suel, T., and Markowetz, A. (2006, January 27\u201329). Efficient query processing in geographic web search engines. Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, Chicago, IL, USA.","key":"ref_17","DOI":"10.1145\/1142473.1142505"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707-014-0202-x","article-title":"Improving geographic information retrieval in spatial data infrastructures","volume":"18","author":"Baptista","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geoinformatica"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1495","article-title":"Criteria of geographic relevance: An experimental study","volume":"26","author":"Reichenbacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichenbacher, T., De Sabbata, S., Purves, R.S., and Fabrikant, S.I. (2016). Assessing geographic relevance for mobile search: A computational model and its validation via crowdsourcing. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol.","key":"ref_20","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23625"},{"unstructured":"Ding, J., Gravano, L., and Shivakumar, N. (2000, January 10\u201314). Computing geographical scopes of web resource. Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Cairo, Egypt.","key":"ref_21"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amitay, E., Har\u2019El, N., Sivan, R., and Soffer, A. (2004, January 25\u201329). Web-a-where: Geotagging web content. Proceedings of the 27th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Sheffield, UK.","key":"ref_22","DOI":"10.1145\/1008992.1009040"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2014.989855","article-title":"Thematic signatures for cleansing and enriching place-related linked data","volume":"29","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"unstructured":"Iliopoulos, C., Puglisi, S., and Yilmaz, E. (2015, January 1\u20134). Evaluating geographical knowledge re-ranking, linguistic processing and query expansion techniques for geographical information retrieval. String Processing and Information Retrieval, Proceedings of the 22nd International Symposium, London, UK.","key":"ref_24"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"185","article-title":"Exploiting geotagged resources to spatial ranking by extending HITS algorithm","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-015-0209-3","article-title":"Finding similar places using the observation-to-generalization place model","volume":"17","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2015.03.020","article-title":"SG-WSTD: A framework for scalable geographic web search topic discovery","volume":"84","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.11.069","article-title":"A collaborative learning approach for geographic information retrieval based on social networks","volume":"51","author":"Rivera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2014.2339838","article-title":"Joint search by social and spatial proximity","volume":"27","author":"Mouratidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2009.05.001","article-title":"A point-set-based approximation for areal objects: A case study of representing localities","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2307\/143141","article-title":"A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region","volume":"46","author":"Tobler","year":"1970","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Sui, Z., Kang, C., and Gao, Y. (2014). Uncovering patterns of inter-urban trip and spatial interaction from social media check-in data. PLoS ONE, 9.","key":"ref_32","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086026"},{"unstructured":"Neimeyer, G. Geohash Tips & Tricks. Available online: http:\/\/geohash.org\/site\/tips.html.","key":"ref_33"},{"unstructured":"Sina News. Available online: http:\/\/roll.news.sina.com.cn\/news\/gnxw\/gdxw1\/index.shtml.","key":"ref_34"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/7\/122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:26:11Z","timestamp":1760210771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/7\/122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi5070122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi5070122","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]]}}}