{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T16:51:01Z","timestamp":1771260661232,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,27]],"date-time":"2016-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As one of the key operators of automated map generalization, algorithms for the line simplification have been widely researched in the past decades. Although many of the currently available algorithms have revealed satisfactory simplification performances with certain data types and selected test areas, it still remains a challenging task to solve the problems of (a) how to properly divide a cartographic line when it is too long to be dealt with directly; and (b) how to make adaptable parameterizations for various geo-data in different areas. In order to solve these two problems, a new line-simplification approach based on the Oblique-Dividing-Curve (ODC) method has been proposed in this paper. In this proposed model, one cartographic line is divided into a series of monotonic curves by the ODC method. Then, the curves are categorized into different groups according to their shapes, sizes and other geometric characteristics. The curves in different groups will trigger different strategies as well as the associated criteria for line simplification. Whenever a curve is simplified, the whole simplified cartographic line will be re-divided and the simplification process restarts again, i.e., the proposed simplification approach is iteratively operated until the final simplification result is achieved. Experiment evidence demonstrates that the proposed approach is able to handle the holistic bend-trend of the whole cartographic line during the simplification process and thereby provides considerably improved simplification performance with respect to maintaining the essential shape\/salient characteristics and keeping the topological consistency. Moreover, the produced simplification results are not sensitive to the parameterizations of the proposed approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5090153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,29]],"date-time":"2016-08-29T10:18:38Z","timestamp":1472465918000},"page":"153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A New Simplification Approach Based on the Oblique-Dividing-Curve Method for Contour Lines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Haizhong","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mitropoulos, V., Xydia, A., Nakos, B., and Vescoukis, V. (2005, January 9\u201316). The use of epsilon-convex area for attributing bends along a cartographic line. Proceedings of the 22nd International Cartographic Conference, A Coru\u00f1a, Spain."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jiang, B. Line Simplification. Available online: http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2014arXiv1406.6660J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810110053107","article-title":"Robustness in GIS algorithm implementation with application to line simplification","volume":"15","author":"Ratschek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02826387","article-title":"A progressive line simplification algorithm","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geo-Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Santo, M.A.D., de Oliveira, F.H., and Wosny, G.C. (2008, January 4\u20138). Algorithms for automated line Generalization in GIS. Proceedings of the ESRI International User Conference 2008, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1179\/000870406X93490","article-title":"Performance evaluation of line simplification algorithms for vector generalization","volume":"43","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810410001672881","article-title":"Modelling geographic data with multiple representations","volume":"8","author":"Balley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"175","article-title":"Point cluster simplification method for retain special distributing characters","volume":"31","author":"Ai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-65002004000100006","article-title":"The Douglas-Peucker algorithm: Sufficiency conditions for non-self-intersections","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Braz. Comput. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Nakos, B., Gaffuri, J., and Musti\u00e8re, S. (2008, January 20\u201321). A transition from simplification to generalisation of natural occuring lines. Proceedings of the 11th ICA Workshop on Generalisation and Multiple Representation, Montpelier, France."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2008.06.004","article-title":"Morphing polylines: A step towards continuous generalization","volume":"32","author":"Merrick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Plazanet, C. (March, January 27). Measurements, characterization and classification for automated line feature generalization. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Computer- Assisted Cartography, Charlotte, NC, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3138\/FM57-6770-U75U-7727","article-title":"Algorithms for the reduction of the number of points required to represent a digitized line or its caricature","volume":"10","author":"Douglas","year":"1973","journal-title":"Can. Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1559\/152304099782424901","article-title":"Topologically consistent line simplification with the Douglas-Peucker Algorithm","volume":"26","author":"Saalfeld","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1179\/caj.1993.30.1.46","article-title":"Line generalisation by repeated elimination of Points","volume":"30","author":"Visvalingam","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cartographic"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Zhou, S., and Jones, C.B. (2004). Developments in Spatial Data Handling (book), Springer."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799208901921","article-title":"algorithms for automated line generalization based on a natural principle of objective generalization","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810500390794","article-title":"Dynamic simplification and visualization of large maps","volume":"20","author":"Mustafa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"14","article-title":"Efficient simplification of large vector maps rendered onto 3D landscapes","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Park, W., and Yu, K. (2010, January 26\u201330). Generalization of digital topographic map using hybrid line simplification. Proceedings of the ASPRS 2010 Annual Conference, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Stanislawski, L.V., Raposo, P., Howard, M., and Buttenfield, B.P. (2012, January 16\u201318). Automated metric assessment of line simplification in humid landscapes. Proceedings of the AutoCarto 2012, Columbus, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2013.803707","article-title":"Scale-specific automated line simplification by vertex clustering on a hexagonal tessellation","volume":"40","author":"Raposo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Musti\u00e8re, S. (1998, January 1\u20134). An algorithm for legibility evaluation of symbolized lines. Proceedings of the 4th InterCarto Conference, Barnaul, Russia."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Hoffman, D.D., and Richards, W.A. (1982, January 18\u201320). representing smooth plane curves for recognition: Implications for 17-ground reversal. Proceedings of the AAAI, Pittsburgh, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1559\/152304095782540276","article-title":"The importance of geometric modeling in linear feature generalization","volume":"22","author":"Plazanet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Mitropoulos, V., and Nakos, B. (July, January 30). A methodology on natural occurring lines segmentation and generalization. Proceedings of the 14th ICA Workshop on Generalisation and Multiple Representation, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Perkal, J. (1966). On the Length of Empirical Curves, Department of Geography, University of Michigan. Discussion Paper 10."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1179\/caj.1966.3.1.10","article-title":"The principles of selection","volume":"3","author":"Topfer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.694.59","article-title":"research on vessel trajectory multi-dimensional compression algorithm based on douglas-peucker theory","volume":"694","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/9\/153\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:29:22Z","timestamp":1760210962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/9\/153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi5090153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi5090153","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,27]]}}}