{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:21:05Z","timestamp":1760242865973,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]],"date-time":"2016-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007046","name":"Wuhan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012AA12A304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012AA12A304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Huazhong Agriculture University","award":["2013AA102401","2014QC018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013AA102401","2014QC018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land cover maps are fundamental materials for resource management and change detection. Remote sensing technology is crucial for fast mapping with low cost. However, besides the inherent classification errors in the land cover products, numerous illogical transitions exist between the neighboring time points. In this study, we introduce a series of logical codes for all the land cover types according to the ecological rules in the study area. The codes represent the transformational logicality of species between different seasons. The classification performance and the codes for all the seasons are imposed on the initial land cover maps which have been produced independently by the conventional hierarchical strategy. We exploit the proposed modified hierarchical mapping strategy to map the land cover of Poyang Lake Basin area, Middle China. The illogical transitions between neighboring seasons and the accuracies based on the labeled samples are calculated for both the initial and modified strategies. The number of illogical pixels have been reduced by 13%\u201335% for different seasons and the average accuracy has been improved by 9.7% for the specific land cover maps. The accuracy of land cover changes has also presented great improvement of the proposed strategy. The experimental results have suggested the scheme is effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5090165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]],"date-time":"2016-09-12T10:24:41Z","timestamp":1473675881000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Improving Seasonal Land Cover Maps of Poyang Lake Area in China by Taking into Account Logical Transitions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Guang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shenghui","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyong","family":"Dian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Garden Forestry, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.11.013","article-title":"Some challenges in global land cover mapping: An assessment of agreement and accuracy in existing 1 km datasets","volume":"112","author":"Herold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70302401","article-title":"Development of decadal (1985\u20131995\u20132005) land use and land cover database for India","volume":"7","author":"Roy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-9006(03)00062-X","article-title":"Remote sensing for mapping and monitoring land-cover and land-use change","volume":"61","author":"Treitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Plan."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244693","article-title":"High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change","volume":"342","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210191","article-title":"Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data","volume":"21","author":"Loveland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331291297","article-title":"GLC2000: A new approach to global land cover mapping from Earth observation data","volume":"26","author":"Bartholome","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210209","article-title":"Global land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution using a classification tree approach","volume":"21","author":"Hansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00078-0","article-title":"Global land cover mapping from MODIS: Algorithms and early results","volume":"83","author":"Friedl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.08.016","article-title":"MODIS collection 5 global land cover: Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets","volume":"114","author":"Friedl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"24","article-title":"Globcover the most detailed portrait of Earth","volume":"136","author":"Arino","year":"2008","journal-title":"ESA Bull. Eur. Space Agency"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.01.020","article-title":"Exploiting synergies of global land cover products for carbon cycle modeling","volume":"101","author":"Jung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26669","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900380","article-title":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function signatures of major biomes observed from space","volume":"105","author":"Bicheron","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conant, R.T., and Paustian, K. (2002). Potential soil carbon sequestration in overgrazed grassland ecosystems. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 16.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GB001661"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701881897","article-title":"Validation and comparison of 1 km global land cover products in china","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.851172","article-title":"Emissivity maps to retrieve land-surface temperature from MSG\/SEVIRI","volume":"43","author":"Peres","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-13-0270.1","article-title":"A global land cover climatology using MODIS data","volume":"53","author":"Broxton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilting, A., Cord, A., Hearn, A.J., Hesse, D., Mohamed, A., Traeholdt, C., Cheyne, S.M., Sunarto, S., Jayasilan, M.A., and Ross, J. (2010). Modelling the species distribution of flat-headed cats (Prionailurus planiceps), an endangered South-East Asian small felid. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009612"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.748992","article-title":"Finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover: First mapping results with Landsat TM and ETM+ data","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.822574","article-title":"FROM-GC: 30 m Global cropland extent derived through multisource data integration","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7959","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70607959","article-title":"Mapping priorities to focus cropland mapping activities: Fitness assessment of existing global, regional and national cropland maps","volume":"7","author":"Waldner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2011.562309","article-title":"Monitoring US agriculture: The US department of agriculture, national agricultural statistics service, cropland data layer program","volume":"26","author":"Boryan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2008.02.001","article-title":"Land-cover and land-use change in a Mediterranean landscape: A spatial analysis of driving forces integrating biophysical and human factors","volume":"28","author":"Serra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2008.12.005","article-title":"Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh: Using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization","volume":"29","author":"Dewan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11355-010-0147-7","article-title":"Urbanization and green space dynamics in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Byomkesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewan, A.M., and Corner, R.J. (2012, January 22\u201327). The impact of land use and land cover changes on land surface temperature in a rapidly urbanizing megacity. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352709"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10589","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70810589","article-title":"Validation of land cover maps in China using a sampling-based labeling approach","volume":"7","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.09.005","article-title":"A comparative analysis of the global land cover 2000 and MODIS land cover data sets","volume":"94","author":"Giri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500057848","article-title":"Improving land cover change estimates by accounting for classification errors","volume":"26","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8705","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70708705","article-title":"Detecting change dates from dense satellite time series using a sub-annual change detection algorithm","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.03.012","article-title":"Enhancing MODIS land cover product with a spatial-temporal modeling algorithm","volume":"147","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5345","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903131018","article-title":"The effects of different classification models on error propagation in land cover change detection","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000150004","article-title":"Accuracy analysis of remote sensing change detection by rule-based rationality evaluation with post-classification comparison","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.08.012","article-title":"Changes in the extent of surface mining and reclamation in the Central Appalachians detected using a 1976\u20132006 Landsat time series","volume":"113","author":"Townsend","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4042519","article-title":"Evaluation of the consistency of MODIS land cover product (MCD12Q1) based on Chinese 30 m globeland30 datasets: A case study in Anhui Province, China","volume":"4","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.03.007","article-title":"Mapping global land cover in 2001 and 2010 with spatial-temporal consistency at 250 m resolution","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.04.009","article-title":"A spatial-temporal contextual Markovian kernel method for multi-temporal land cover mapping","volume":"107","author":"Wehmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.008","article-title":"Optical remotely sensed time series data for land cover classification: A review","volume":"116","author":"Gomez","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.06.008","article-title":"A protocol for improving mapping and assessing of seagrass abundance along the West Central Coast of Florida using Landsat TM and EO-1 ALI\/Hyperion images","volume":"83","author":"Pu","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-010-1639-5","article-title":"Monitoring and identification of spatiotemporal landscape changes in multiple remote sensing images by using a stratified conditional Latin hypercube sampling approach and geostatistical simulation","volume":"177","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.916201","article-title":"Kernel-based framework for multitemporal and multisource remote sensing data classification and change detection","volume":"46","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"246","article-title":"A spatial comparison of four satellite derived 1 km global land cover datasets","volume":"8","author":"McCallum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1109\/72.788646","article-title":"Support vector machines for histogram-based image classification","volume":"10","author":"Chapelle","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1109\/72.788645","article-title":"Support vector machines for spam categorization","volume":"10","author":"Drucker","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2272581","article-title":"Supervised classification of multisensor and multiresolution remote sensing images with a hierarchical copula-based approach","volume":"52","author":"Voisin","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2014.04.007","article-title":"A comparison of top-down and bottom-up approaches to benthic habitat mapping to inform offshore wind energy development","volume":"83","author":"LaFrance","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-012-0473-x","article-title":"Informative patches sampling for image classification by utilizing bottom-up and top-down information","volume":"24","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-008-0226-5","article-title":"Using remote sensing and GIS to detect and monitor land use and land cover change in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh during 1960\u20132005","volume":"150","author":"Dewan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.05.003","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy of land cover change with imperfect ground reference data","volume":"114","author":"Foody","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892997000088","article-title":"A review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation presence\/absence models","volume":"24","author":"Fielding","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.02.011","article-title":"Development of a global hybrid forest mask through the synergy of remote sensing, crowdsourcing and FAO statistics","volume":"162","author":"Schepaschenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"70","article-title":"Creation of a global land cover and a probability map through a new map integration method","volume":"28","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1127\/1432-8364\/2014\/0232","article-title":"Improving land cover maps in areas of disagreement of existing products using NDVI time series of MODIS\u2014Example for Europe","volume":"5","author":"Vuolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photogramm. Fernerkund. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl346","article-title":"Detecting potential labeling errors in microarrays by data perturbation","volume":"22","author":"Malossini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung, Y.Y., Chang, C.Q., and Hung, Y.S. (2012). An integrated approach for identifying wrongly labelled samples when performing classification in microarray data. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046700"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/9\/165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:30:44Z","timestamp":1760211044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/9\/165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi5090165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi5090165","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]]}}}