{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:21:24Z","timestamp":1760242884286,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,10]],"date-time":"2016-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu","award":["BK20151551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20151551"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu","award":["16KJA170003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KJA170003"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Postdoctoral Research Funding","award":["1402120C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1402120C"]}]},{"name":"National Key Technologies R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2015BAD18B02","2015BAK36B02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015BAD18B02","2015BAK36B02"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005272","name":"National Center for International Joint Research on E-Business Information Processing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013B01035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013B01035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Special Fund for Grain-scientific Research in the Public Interest","award":["201513004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201513004"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geological Information Technology, Ministry of Land and Resources","award":["Beijing"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Beijing"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003252","name":"Lund University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional (3D), city models have been applied in a variety of fields. One of the main problems in 3D city model utilization, however, is the large volume of data. In this paper, a method is proposed to generalize the 3D building objects in 3D city models at different levels of detail, and to combine multiple Levels of Detail (LODs) for a progressive distribution and visualization of the city models. First, an extended structure for multiple LODs of building objects, BuildingTree, is introduced that supports both single buildings and building groups; second, constructive solid geometry (CSG) representations of buildings are created and generalized. Finally, the BuildingTree is stored in the NoSQL database MongoDB for dynamic visualization requests. The experimental results indicate that the proposed progressive method can efficiently visualize 3D city models, especially for large areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5100185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,10]],"date-time":"2016-10-10T10:35:19Z","timestamp":1476095719000},"page":"185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Methodology for the Efficient Progressive Distribution and Visualization of 3D Building Objects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Modern Logistics, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Tielu North Road 128, 210003 Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3252-1495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Harrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2012.721552","article-title":"Towards generating highly detailed 3D CityGML models from OpenStreetMap","volume":"27","author":"Goetz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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