{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T17:40:40Z","timestamp":1762710040221,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]],"date-time":"2016-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41571438","41371427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41571438","41371427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2042014KF0282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042014KF0282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Health and Family Planning Commission Support Item Foundation","award":["201401076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201401076"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Health and Family Planning Commission Support Item Foundation","award":["A2015527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2015527"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trauma is considered a \u201cmodern civilized sickness\u201d, and its occurrence substantially affects all of society, as well as individuals. The implementation of trauma emergency systems in cities with young, prosperous, and highly mobile populations is necessary and significant. A complete trauma emergency system includes both low-level trauma centers that offer basic emergency services and high-level trauma centers that offer comprehensive services. GIS and operational research methods were used to solve the location problem associated with these centers. This study analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of trauma demands and the candidate locations of trauma centers based on a spatial analysis and presented a hierarchical location-allocation model for low- and high-level trauma centers in Shenzhen. The response, coverage, treatment and cost capacities of the trauma center locations were considered, and an ant colony optimization was used to calculate the optimal solution. The objectives of this study were to optimize trauma center locations, improve the allocation of medical trauma resources and reduce the rate of deaths and disabilities due to trauma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5100190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]],"date-time":"2016-10-11T11:27:28Z","timestamp":1476185248000},"page":"190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Location Optimization Using a Hierarchical Location-Allocation Model for Trauma Centers in Shenzhen, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yishu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Surveying, Mapping &amp; Geotechnical Investigation, Co., Ltd., 88 Chuangyi Road, Nanjing 210019, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4615-2029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingyun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of GIS, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Posts &amp; Telecommunications Planning and Designing Institute Co., Ltd., 58 East Nanxi River Road, Nanjing 210019, China"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of GIS, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3229-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, 2019 Buxin Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen 518020, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Center for Health Information, Renmin Road North 2210, Luohu District, Shenzhen 518001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Injuries. 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