{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T04:35:41Z","timestamp":1782189341072,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]],"date-time":"2016-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41271416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41271416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41301467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41301467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41601458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41601458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University","award":["Project 2016213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project 2016213"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research is focused on gully erosion mapping and monitoring at multiple spatial scales using multi-source remote sensing data of the Sancha River catchment in Northeast China, where gullies extend over a vast area. A high resolution satellite image (Pleiades 1A, 0.7 m) was used to obtain the spatial distribution of the gullies of the overall basin. Image visual interpretation with field verification was employed to map the geometric gully features and evaluate gully erosion as well as the topographic differentiation characteristics. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) remote sensing data and the 3D photo-reconstruction method were employed for detailed gully mapping at a site scale. The results showed that: (1) the sub-meter image showed a strong ability in the recognition of various gully types and obtained satisfactory results, and the topographic factors of elevation, slope and slope aspects exerted significant influence on the gully spatial distribution at the catchment scale; and (2) at a more detailed site scale, UAV imagery combined with 3D photo-reconstruction provided a Digital Surface Model (DSM) and ortho-image at the centimeter level as well as a detailed 3D model. The resulting products revealed the area of agricultural utilization and its shaping by human agricultural activities and water erosion in detail, and also provided the gully volume. The present study indicates that using multi-source remote sensing data, including satellite and UAV imagery simultaneously, results in an effective assessment of gully erosion over multiple spatial scales. The combined approach should be continued to regularly monitor gully erosion to understand the erosion process and its relationship with the environment from a comprehensive perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5110200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]],"date-time":"2016-11-04T11:18:38Z","timestamp":1478258318000},"page":"200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Gully Erosion Mapping and Monitoring at Multiple Scales Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data of the Sancha River Catchment, Northeast China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ranghu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"},{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luoman","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"},{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiuchun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0477-5845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaobin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"},{"name":"College of Arts &amp; Sciences, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"},{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"},{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"},{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bolin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejia","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2015.05.015","article-title":"Gully morphology, hillslope erosion, and precipitation characteristics in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province, southeastern USA","volume":"133","author":"Luffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0341-8162(02)00143-1","article-title":"Gully erosion and environmental change: Importance and research needs","volume":"50","author":"Poesen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current status and comprehensive control strategies of soil erosion for cultivated land in the northeastern black soil area of China","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2007.02.004","article-title":"Short-term gully retreat rates over rolling hill areas in black soil of Northeast China","volume":"71","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-015-0780-z","article-title":"Remote sensing monitoring of gullies on a regional scale: A case study of Kebai region in Heilongjiang Province, China","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.509","article-title":"The relationship between land use and soil erosion in the communal lands near Peddie town, Eastern Cape, South Africa","volume":"14","author":"Kakembo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-1703-0","article-title":"Using topographical attributes to evaluate gully erosion proneness (susceptibility) in two Mediterranean basins: Advantages and limitations","volume":"79","author":"Conoscenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/03736245.2012.742786","article-title":"Gully location mapping at a national scale for South Africa","volume":"94","author":"Roux","year":"2012","journal-title":"S. Afr. Geogr. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.2011.01375.x","article-title":"A risk map for gully locations in central Queensland, Australia","volume":"62","author":"Eustace","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"650","article-title":"Application of corona and spot imagery on erosion gully research in typical black soil regions of Northeast China","volume":"27","author":"Yan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.01.009","article-title":"Comparison of gully erosion estimates using airborne and ground-based LiDAR on Santa Cruz Island, California","volume":"118","author":"Perroy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2008.03.008","article-title":"Development of gullies and sediment production in the black soil region of Northeastern China","volume":"101","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2006.03.005","article-title":"Accuracy of methods for field assessment of rill and ephemeral gully erosion","volume":"67","author":"Casali","year":"2006","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2011.0390","article-title":"Comparing the accuracy of several field methods for measuring gully erosion","volume":"76","author":"Castillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2006.04.008","article-title":"Gully development in the Moldavian Plateau of Romania","volume":"68","author":"Ionita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2005.06.002","article-title":"Monitoring of gully erosion on the Loess Plateau of China using a global positioning system","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-009-0309-4","article-title":"The characteristics of gully erosion over rolling hilly black soil areas of Northeast China","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0341-8162(02)00132-7","article-title":"Medium-term gully headcut retreat rates in Southeast Spain determined from aerial photographs and ground measurements","volume":"50","author":"Vandekerckhove","year":"2003","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2009.04.003","article-title":"Slope and rainfall effects on the volume of sediment yield by gully erosion in the Souar lithologic formation (Tunisia)","volume":"78","author":"Bouchnak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2006.10.010","article-title":"Using LiDAR data to map gullies and headwater streams under forest canopy: South Carolina, USA","volume":"71","author":"James","year":"2007","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Airborne laser profile data for measuring ephemeral gully erosion","volume":"54","author":"Jackson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.021","article-title":"Direct retrieval of canopy gap probability using airborne waveform LiDAR","volume":"134","author":"Armston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.03.007","article-title":"Assessing the repeatability of terrestrial laser scanning for monitoring gully topography: A case study from Aratula, Queensland, Australia","volume":"262","author":"Goodwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"107","article-title":"3D laser scanning as a new tool of assessment of erosion rates in forested loess gullies (case study: Kolonia Celej\u00f3w, Lublin Upland)","volume":"69","author":"Kociuba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. UMCS"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2013.02.003","article-title":"Use of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for monitoring and modelling of geomorphic processes and phenomena at a small and medium spatial scale in polar environment (Scott River\u2014Spitsbergen)","volume":"212","author":"Kociuba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"21","article-title":"Evolvement of gully erosion in village scale in the typical black soil area","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4113390","article-title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for monitoring soil erosion in Morocco","volume":"4","author":"Marzolff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens.-Basel"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2008.05.047","article-title":"The potential of 3d gully monitoring with GIS using high-resolution aerial photography and a digital photogrammetry system","volume":"111","author":"Marzolff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0341-8162(02)00133-9","article-title":"Monitoring of gully erosion in the Central Ebro Basin by large-scale aerial photography taken from a remotely controlled blimp","volume":"50","author":"Ries","year":"2003","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2013.03.023","article-title":"Geomorphological mapping with a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS): Feature detection and accuracy assessment of a photogrammetrically-derived digital terrain model","volume":"194","author":"Hugenholtz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"6271","article-title":"Quantification and analysis of geomorphic processes on a recultivated iron ore mine on the Italian island Elba using long-time ground-based LiDAR and photogrammetric data by an UAV","volume":"3","author":"Haas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2254465","article-title":"An object-based workflow to extract landforms at multiple scales from two distinct data types","volume":"10","author":"Eisank","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2013.09.004","article-title":"Soil erosion in gully catchments affected by land-levelling measures in the Souss Basin, Morocco, analysed by rainfall simulation and UAV remote sensing data","volume":"113","author":"Peter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2015.04.004","article-title":"Measuring gullies by synergetic application of UAV and close range photogrammetry\u2014A case study from Andalusia, Spain","volume":"132","author":"Stocker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141964","article-title":"Photo tourism: Exploring photo collections in 3D","volume":"25","author":"Snavely","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.161","article-title":"Accurate, dense, and robust multiview stereopsis","volume":"32","author":"Furukawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.5194\/soil-1-583-2015","article-title":"SF3M software: 3-D photo-reconstruction for non-expert users and its application to a gully network","volume":"1","author":"Castillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soil"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2014.04.004","article-title":"Using 3D photo-reconstruction methods to estimate gully headcut erosion","volume":"120","author":"Schnabel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3673","article-title":"Multi-temporal UAV data for automatic measurement of rill and interrill erosion on loess soil","volume":"40","author":"Eltner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"5","article-title":"Challenges in gully erosion research","volume":"17","author":"Poesen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landf. Anal."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3747","article-title":"From experimental plots to experimental landscapes: Topography, erosion and deposition in sub-humid badlands from structure-from-motion photogrammetry","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2005.05.007","article-title":"The application of remote-sensing data to monitoring and modelling of soil erosion","volume":"62","author":"King","year":"2005","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8287","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098287","article-title":"Detection of gully-affected areas by applying object-based image analysis (OBIA) in the region of Taroudannt, Morocco","volume":"6","author":"Marzolff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens.-Basel"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1445","article-title":"Image-based surface reconstruction in geomorphometry\u2013merits, limits and developments of a promising tool for geoscientists","volume":"3","author":"Eltner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Image"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"159","article-title":"Influence of the varied spatial resolution of remote sensing images on urban and rural residential information extraction","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2014.01.010","article-title":"Quantifying temporal changes in gully erosion areas with object oriented analysis","volume":"128","author":"Shruthi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"417325","article-title":"A quantitative study of gully erosion based on object-oriented analysis techniques: A case study in Beiyanzikou catchment of Qixia, Shandong, China","volume":"2014","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1071\/SR12025","article-title":"Gully erosion prediction across a large region: Murray-Darling Basin, Australia","volume":"50","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soil Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.02.158","article-title":"The influence of lithology and soil on the occurrence and expansion of gully erosion, Toroud Basin\u2014Iran","volume":"120","author":"Mousazadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.02.130","article-title":"Factors controlling gully erosion development in Toroud Basin\u2014Iran","volume":"120","author":"Mousazadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.12.009","article-title":"A RUSLE approach to model suspended sediment load in the Lo river (Vietnam): Effects of reservoirs and land use changes","volume":"422\u2013423","author":"Ranzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"2113","article-title":"Coupling mechanism of slope-gully erosion in typical black soil area of Northeast China","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6880","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126880","article-title":"Using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for high-resolution reconstruction of topography: The structure from motion approach on coastal environments","volume":"5","author":"Mancini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens.-Basel"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5851","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5115851","article-title":"GIS-based detection of gullies in terrestrial LiDAR data of the Cerro llamoca peatland (Peru)","volume":"5","author":"Hofle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens.-Basel"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-1807-6","article-title":"Comparison of volumetric and remote sensing methods (TLS) for assessing the development of a permanent forested loess gully","volume":"79","author":"Kociuba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4061573","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy of georeferenced point clouds produced via multi-view stereopsis from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery","volume":"4","author":"Harwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens.-Basel"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1918","article-title":"High resolution quantification of gully erosion in upland peatlands at the landscape scale","volume":"35","author":"Evans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"73","article-title":"Effects of corn straw mulch buffer in the gully head on gully erosion of sloping cropland in the black soil region of Northeast China","volume":"6","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sediment. Res."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/11\/200\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:34:45Z","timestamp":1760211285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/11\/200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi5110200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi5110200","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]]}}}