{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:40:16Z","timestamp":1761896416764,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Young Scientists of the State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","award":["15RC-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15RC-08"]}]},{"name":"Key Knowledge Innovative Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["KZCX2 EW 318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KZCX2 EW 318"]}]},{"name":"National Key Technology R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2014ZX10003002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014ZX10003002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41371387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["201604020117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201604020117"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>2.5D map is a convenient and efficient approach to exploiting a massive three-dimensional (3D) city model in web GIS. With the rapid development of oblique airborne photogrammetry and photo-based 3D reconstruction, 3D city models are becoming more and more accessible. 3D Geographic Information System (GIS) can support the interactive visualization of massive 3D city models on various platforms and devices. However, the value and accessibility of existing 3D city models can be augmented by integrating them into web-based two-dimensional (2D) GIS applications. In this paper, we present a step-by-step workflow for generating orthorectified oblique images (2.5D maps) from massive 3D city models. The proposed framework can produce 2.5D maps from an arbitrary perspective, defined by the elevation angle and azimuth angle of a virtual orthographic camera. We demonstrate how 2.5D maps can benefit web-based visualization and exploitation of massive 3D city models. We conclude that a 2.5D map is a compact data representation optimized for web data streaming of 3D city models and that geometric analysis of buildings can be effectively conducted on 2.5D maps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5110212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T10:05:56Z","timestamp":1478858756000},"page":"212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Generating Orthorectified Multi-Perspective 2.5D Maps to Facilitate Web GIS-Based Visualization and Exploitation of Massive 3D City Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4043-6816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianming","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang-CAS Application Center for Geoinformatics, Zhejiang 314100, China"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang-CAS Application Center for Geoinformatics, Zhejiang 314100, China"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"National Marine Data and Information Service, Tianjin 300171, China"}]},{"given":"Yuling","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang-CAS Application Center for Geoinformatics, Zhejiang 314100, China"}]},{"given":"Jinming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang-CAS Application Center for Geoinformatics, Zhejiang 314100, China"}]},{"given":"Shuisen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-8152(98)00042-5","article-title":"Simulating surface\u2013plant\u2013air interactions inside urban environments with a three dimensional numerical model","volume":"13","author":"Bruse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. 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