{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:13:54Z","timestamp":1760213634547,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]],"date-time":"2016-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNR - Regione Lombardia, Italy","award":["Space4Agri Project ID: 18091\/RCC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Space4Agri Project ID: 18091\/RCC"]}]},{"name":"Regione Lombardia, Italy","award":["SIMULATOR Project ID: 40338152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIMULATOR Project ID: 40338152"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates the causes of imprecision of the observations and uncertainty of the authors who create Volunteer Geographic Information (VGI), i.e., georeferenced contents generated by volunteers when participating in some citizen science project. Specifically, various aspects of imprecision and uncertainty of VGI are outlined and, to cope with them, a knowledge-based approach is suggested based on the creation and management of \u201ccontextualized VGI\u201d. A case study example in agriculture is reported where contextualized VGI can be created about in situ crops observations by the use of a smart app that supports volunteers by means of both an ontology and the representation of the context of the geo-localization. Furthermore, an approach to cope with both ill-defined knowledge and volunteer\u2019s uncertainty or imprecise observations is defined based on a fuzzy ontology with uncertainty level-based approximate reasoning. By representing uncertainty and imprecision of VGI, users, i.e., consumers, can exploit quality checking mechanisms to filter VGI based on their needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5120234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]],"date-time":"2016-12-08T10:39:01Z","timestamp":1481193541000},"page":"234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["\u201cContextualized VGI\u201d Creation and Management to Cope with Uncertainty and Imprecision"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6775-753X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Bordogna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche\u2014Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell\u2019Ambiente (CNR\u2014IREA), 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Frigerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche\u2014Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali (CNR\u2014IDPA), 20126 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Kliment","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche\u2014Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali (CNR\u2014IDPA), 20126 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5477-3194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Brivio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche\u2014Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell\u2019Ambiente (CNR\u2014IREA), 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"Hossard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR 951 Innovation, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier CEDEX 2, France"}]},{"given":"Giacinto","family":"Manfron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche\u2014Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell\u2019Ambiente (CNR\u2014IREA), 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Sterlacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche\u2014Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali (CNR\u2014IDPA), 20126 Milan, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sui, D.Z., Elwood, S., and Goodchild, M.F. 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