{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:20:27Z","timestamp":1760242827307,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]],"date-time":"2016-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41601496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41601496"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program of China","award":["J15LN32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J15LN32"]}]},{"name":"The Young Teacher Development Support Foundation of Shandong University of Technology in China","award":["114016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114016"]}]},{"name":"The China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["Grant No. 2015M572706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 2015M572706"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have presented a framework to obtain camera pose (i.e., position and orientation in the 3D space) with real scale information of the uncalibrated multi-view images and the intrinsic camera parameters automatically. Our framework consists of two key steps. First, the initial value of the intrinsic camera and the pose parameters were extracted from homography estimation based on the contour model of some planar objects. Second, a refinement of the intrinsic camera and pose parameters was operated by the bundle adjustment procedure. Our framework can provide a complete flow of pose estimation of disorderly or orderly uncalibrated multi-view images, which can be used in vision tasks requiring scale information. Real multi-view images were utilized to demonstrate the robustness, flexibility and accuracy of the proposed framework. The proposed framework was also applied in 3D reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5120244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]],"date-time":"2016-12-16T10:55:28Z","timestamp":1481885728000},"page":"244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Automatic Pose Estimation of Uncalibrated Multi-View Images Based on a Planar Object with a Predefined Contour Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Cailin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}]},{"given":"Langming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410205, China"}]},{"given":"Wenhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-008-0149-8","article-title":"Comparison of point matching algorithms for the UAV aerial refueling problem","volume":"21","author":"Mammarella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025384832106","article-title":"Modeling textures with total variation minimization and oscillating patterns in image Processing","volume":"19","author":"Vese","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sci. Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6043020","article-title":"Automatic orientation of multi-scale terrestrial images for 3D reconstruction","volume":"6","author":"Tommaselli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2006.886270","article-title":"Design, Implementation, and experimental results of a quaternion-based kalman filter for human body motion tracking","volume":"22","author":"Yun","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1145\/514236.514263","article-title":"From images to 3D models","volume":"45","author":"Pollefeys","year":"2002","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/293133a0","article-title":"A computer algorithm for reconstructing a scene from two projections","volume":"293","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00129684","article-title":"Shape and motion from image streams under orthography: A factorization method","volume":"9","author":"Tomasi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00115698","article-title":"A multiframe approach to visual motion perception","volume":"6","author":"Spetsakis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1006\/jvci.1994.1002","article-title":"Recovering 3D shape and motion from image streams using nonlinear least squares","volume":"5","author":"Szeliski","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008139920864","article-title":"A multi-frame structure-from-motion algorithm under perspective projection","volume":"34","author":"Oliensis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Nister, D. (2004, January 6\u20139). Automatic passive recovery of 3D from images and video. Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Symposium on \u201c3D Data Processing, Visualization and Transmission\u201d, Thessaloniki, Greece."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-006-0027-1","article-title":"Web-based 3D reconstruction service","volume":"17","author":"Vergauwen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-007-0107-3","article-title":"Modelling the world from internet photo collections","volume":"80","author":"Snavely","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Farenzena, M., Fusiello, A., and Gherardi, R. (October, January 27). Structure and motion pipeline on a hierchical cluster tree. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snavely, N., Seitz, S.M., and Szeliski, R. (2008, January 23\u201328). Skeletal graphs for efficient structure from motion. Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition, Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2008.4587678"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2010.00599.x","article-title":"Orientation and 3D modeling from markerless terrestrial images: Combining accuracy with automation","volume":"25","author":"Barazzetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierrot-Deseilligny, M., and Cl\u00e9ry, I. (2011, January 2\u20134). APERO, an open source bundle adjustment software for automatic calibration and orientation of a set of images. Proceedings of International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 38(5\/W16), Trento, Italy.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-5-W16-269-2011"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Pizzo, S., and Troisi, S. (2011, January 2\u20134). Automatic orientation of image sequences in cultural heritage. Proceedings of International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 38(5\/W16), Trento, Italy.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-5-W16-293-2011"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Agarwal, S., Snavely, N., Simon, I., Seitz, S.M., and Szeliski, R. (October, January 27). Building rome in a day. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision, Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strecha, C., Pylvanainen, T., and Fua, P. (2010, January 13\u201318). Dynamic and scalable large scale image reconstruction. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5540184"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Fuhrmann, S., Langguth, F., and Goesele, M. (2014, January 6\u20138). MVE\u2014A multi-view reconstruction environment. Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Graphics and Cultural Heritage, Darmstadt, Germany."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141964","article-title":"Photo tourism: Exploring photo collections in 3D","volume":"25","author":"Snavely","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2003.1198259","article-title":"3D recording for archaeological fieldwork","volume":"23","author":"Pollefeys","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Karlsson, N., Bernardo, D.B., Ostrowski, J., Goncalves, L., Pirjanian, P., and Munich, M.E. (2005, January 18\u201322). The vslam algorithm for robust localization and mapping. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemaire, T., and Lacroix, S. (2007, January 10\u201314). Monocular-vision based SLAM using line segments. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Roma, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2007.363894"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.2004829","article-title":"An efficient direct approach to visual SLAM","volume":"24","author":"Silveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triggs, B., McLauchlan, P., Hartley, R., and Fitzgibbon, A. (2000). Bundle Adjustment: A Modern Synthesis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44480-7_21"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2007.05.004","article-title":"Automatic scene structure and camera motion using a catadioptric system","volume":"109","author":"Lhuillier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364909356601","article-title":"Real-time quadrifocal visual odometry","volume":"29","author":"Comport","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res. Spec. Issue Robot Vis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-006-0023-y","article-title":"Monocular vision for mobile robot localization and autonomous navigation","volume":"74","author":"Royer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"David, P. (December, January 29). Vision-based localization in urban environments. Proceeding of the Army Science Conference, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frontoni, E., Ascani, A., Mancini, A., and Zingaretti, P. (2010, January 15\u201317). Robot localization in urban environments using omnidirectional vision sensors and partial heterogeneous a priori knowledge. Proceeding of the IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Mechatronics and Embedded Systems and Applications (MESA), Qingdao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MESA.2010.5551994"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Haralick, R., Lee, C., Ottenberg, K., and Nolle, M. (1991, January 3\u20136). Analysis and solutions of the three point perspective pose estimation problem. Proceeding of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1561\/0600000001","article-title":"Monocular model-based 3D tracking of rigid objects: A survey","volume":"1","author":"Lepetit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Found. Trends Comput. Graph. Vis."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Jiang, B. (2006, January 26\u201329). Calibration-free line-based tracking for video augmentation. Proceeding of the International Conference on Computer Graphics & Virtual Reality (CGVR), Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosten, E., and Drummond, T. (2005, January 17\u201320). Fusing points and lines for high performance tracking. Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2005.104"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2006.78","article-title":"Real-time markerless tracking for augmented reality: The virtual visual servoing framework","volume":"12","author":"Comport","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017620","article-title":"Real-time visual tracking of complex structures","volume":"24","author":"Drummond","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1109\/34.134043","article-title":"Fitting parameterized three-dimensional models to images","volume":"13","author":"Lowe","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgel, P., Benhimane, S., and Navab, N. (2008, January 1\u20134). A unified approach combining photometric and geometric information for pose estimation. Proceeding of the British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC), Leeds, UK.","DOI":"10.5244\/C.22.14"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364907080477","article-title":"Real-time hybrid tracking using edge and texture information","volume":"26","author":"Pressigout","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000011205.11775.fd","article-title":"Lucas-kanade 20 years on: A unifying framework","volume":"56","author":"Baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dame, A., and Marchand, E. (2010, January 13\u201316). Accurate real-time tracking using mutual information. Proceeding of the IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2010.5643550"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.70757","article-title":"Mutual information for lucas-kanade tracking (milk): An inverse compositional formulation","volume":"30","author":"Dowson","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Engels, C., Stew\u00e9nius, H., and Nist\u00e9r, D. (2006, January 20\u201322). Bundle adjustment rules. Proceeding of the Photogrammetric Computer Vision, Bonn, Germany."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.11.006","article-title":"Generic and real time structure from motion using local bundle adjustment","volume":"27","author":"Mouragnon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., and Shan, Y. (2003, January 14\u201317). Incremental motion estimation through local bundle adjustment. Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Steedly, D., and Essa, I. (2001, January 7\u201314). Propagation of innovative information in non-linear least squares structure from motion. Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Sibley, G., Mei, C., Reid, I., and Newman, P. (July, January 28). Adaptive relative bundle adjustment. Proceedings of the Robotics Science & Systems, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-010-0361-7","article-title":"RSLAM: A system for largescale mapping in constant-time using stereo","volume":"94","author":"Mei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364911430419","article-title":"ISAM2: Incremental smoothing and mapping using the bayes tree","volume":"31","author":"Kaess","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indelman, V., Roberts, R., Beall, C., and Dellaert, F. (2012, January 3\u20137). Incremental light bundle adjustment. Proceeding of British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC), Guildford, UK.","DOI":"10.5244\/C.26.134"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indelman, V., Roberts, R., and Dellaert, F. (2013, January 3\u20137). Probabilistic analysis of incremental light bundle adjustment. Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2013.6696615"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indelman, V., Melim, A., and Dellaert, F. (2013, January 3\u20137). Incremental light bundle adjustment for robotics navigation. Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2013.6696615"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Wu, F.Z. (2008). Mathematical Methods in Computer Vision, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.Q., Zhou, L.M., Shang, Y., Zhang, X.H., and Yu, Q.F. (2015). Contour model based homography estimation of texture-less planar objects in uncalibrated images. Pattern Recognit.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2015.10.023"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1109\/34.888718","article-title":"A flexible new technique for camera calibration","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Hartley, R., and Zisserman, A. (2000). Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Zhu, B. (2010, January 18\u201320). Determining intrinsic and pose parameters of camera based on concentric circles. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Digital Manufacturing & Automation, Changha, Hunan, China."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"153","article-title":"Bundle adjustment\u2014A modern synthesis","volume":"1883","author":"Triggs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vis. Algorithms Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Bakken, R.H., Eilertsen, B.G., Matus, G.U., and Nilsen, J.H. (2009). Semi-Automatic Camera Calibration Using Coplanar Control Points, Norsk Informatikkonferanse."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Yuuki, I., Yasuyuki, S., and Kenichi, K. (2011). Bundle Adjustment for 3-D Reconstruction: Implementation and Evaluation, Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"404","article-title":"SURF: Speeded up robust features","volume":"110","author":"Bay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Muja, M., and Lowe, D.G. (2009, January 5\u20138). Fast approximate nearest neighbors with automatic algorithm configuration. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision Theory & Applications, Lisboa, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"726","article-title":"Random sample consensus: A paradigm for model fitting with applications to image analysis and automated cartography","volume":"24","author":"Fischler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Moulon, P., and Monasse, P. (2012, January 5\u20136). Unordered feature tracking made fast and easy. Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Visual Media Production, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Qifeng, Y. (2009). Videometrics: Principles and Researches, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"722","article-title":"LSD: A fast line segment detector with a false detection control","volume":"32","author":"Grompone","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2003.814303","article-title":"Silhouette-based 3-D model reconstruction from multiple images","volume":"33","author":"Mulayim","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Man Cybern. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2010.2069690","article-title":"Distance regularized level set evolution and its application to image segmentation","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Kazhdan, M., Bolitho, M., and Hoppe, H. (2006, January 26\u201328). Poisson surface reconstruction. Proceedings of the Symposium on Geometry Processing (SGP), Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waechter, M., Moehrle, N., and Goesele, M. (2014). Let There Be Color! Large-Scale Texturing of 3D Reconstructions, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10602-1_54"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Choi, C., and Christensen, H.I. (2010, January 3\u20137). Real-time 3D Model-based tracking using edge and keypoint features for robotic manipulation. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics & Automation, Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petit, A., Marchand, E., and Kanani, K. (2013, January 3\u20137). A robust model-based tracker combining geometrical and color edge information. Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2013.6696887"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond, T., and Cipolla, R. (1999, January 23\u201325). Visual tracking and control using Lie algebras. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Fort Collins, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1999.784996"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David, P., and Dementhon, D. (2005, January 17\u201321). Object recognition in high clutter images using line features. Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2005.173"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/12\/244\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:28:41Z","timestamp":1760210921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/5\/12\/244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi5120244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi5120244","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]}}}