{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:10:07Z","timestamp":1760242207249,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,15]],"date-time":"2017-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41371369","41671381","41531177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371369","41671381","41531177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Project fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation Ministry of Land and Resources"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In contrast with photorealistic visualizations, urban landscape applications, and building information system (BIM), 3D volumetric presentations highlight specific calculations and applications of 3D building elements for 3D city planning and 3D cadastres. Knowing the precise volumetric quantities and the 3D boundary locations of 3D building spaces is a vital index which must remain constant during data processing because the values are related to space occupation, tenure, taxes, and valuation. To meet these requirements, this paper presents a five-step algorithm for performing a 3D building space shift. This algorithm is used to convert multiple building elements into a single 3D volumetric building object while maintaining the precise volume of the 3D space and without changing the 3D locations or displacing the building boundaries. As examples, this study used input data and building elements based on City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) LoD3 models. This paper presents a method for 3D urban space and 3D property management with the goal of constructing a 3D volumetric object for an integral building using CityGML objects, by fusing the geometries of various building elements. The resulting objects possess true 3D geometry that can be represented by solid geometry and saved to a CityGML file for effective use in 3D urban planning and 3D cadastres.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6010017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]],"date-time":"2017-01-16T09:44:02Z","timestamp":1484559842000},"page":"17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["3D Space Shift from CityGML LoD3-Based Multiple Building Elements to a 3D Volumetric Object"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8066-9203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shen","family":"Ying","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Centre of Digital City Engineering, Shenzhen 518034, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renzhong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Urban Planning, Land and Resources Commission of Shenzhen Municipality, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Planning, Land and Resources Commission of Shenzhen Municipality, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Centre of Digital City Engineering, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Shenzhen 518034, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Planning, Land and Resources Commission of Shenzhen Municipality, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Centre of Digital City Engineering, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Shenzhen 518034, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengzan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-011-9594-0","article-title":"Virtual 3D city model for navigation in urban areas","volume":"66","author":"Cappelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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