{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:27:33Z","timestamp":1769527653456,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]],"date-time":"2017-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the widespread deployment of ground, air and space sensor sources (internet of things or IoT, social networks, sensor networks), the integrated applications of real-time geospatial data from ubiquitous sensors, especially in public security and smart city domains, are becoming challenging issues. The traditional geographic information system (GIS) mostly manages time-discretized geospatial data by means of the Structured Query Language (SQL) database management system (DBMS) and emphasizes query and retrieval of massive historical geospatial data on disk. This limits its capability for on-the-fly access of real-time geospatial data for online analysis in real time. This paper proposes a hybrid database organization and management approach with SQL relational databases (RDB) and not only SQL (NoSQL) databases (including the main memory database, MMDB, and distributed files system, DFS). This hybrid approach makes full use of the advantages of NoSQL and SQL DBMS for the real-time access of input data and structured on-the-fly analysis results which can meet the requirements of increased spatio-temporal big data linking analysis. The MMDB facilitates real-time access of the latest input data such as the sensor web and IoT, and supports the real-time query for online geospatial analysis. The RDB stores change information such as multi-modal features and abnormal events extracted from real-time input data. The DFS on disk manages the massive geospatial data, and the extensible storage architecture and distributed scheduling of a NoSQL database satisfy the performance requirements of incremental storage and multi-user concurrent access. A case study of geographic video (GeoVideo) surveillance of public security is presented to prove the feasibility of this hybrid organization and management approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]],"date-time":"2017-01-19T10:55:40Z","timestamp":1484823340000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A NoSQL\u2013SQL Hybrid Organization and Management Approach for Real-Time Geospatial Data: A Case Study of Public Security Video Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Yeting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8314-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8838-9476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyue","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environment, University of Electric Science and Technology, Chengdu 611731, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2003.08.002","article-title":"Emergency response after 9\/11: The potential of real-time 3D GIS for quick emergency response in micro-spatial environments","volume":"29","author":"Kwan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. 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