{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T06:22:15Z","timestamp":1769754135603,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]],"date-time":"2017-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevention and correct management of natural disaster event sequences play a key role in saving human lives. The availability of embedded and mobile smart computing systems opens new roads for the management of land and infrastructures by civil protection operators. To date, research has explored the use of social networks for the management of disasters connected to meteorological\/hydrogeological events or earthquakes, but without emphasis on the importance of an integrated system. The main feature of the Whistland system proposed in this paper is to make synergistic use of augmented reality (AR), crowd-mapping (CM), social networks, the Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSN) by exploiting technologies and frameworks of Web 2.0 and GIS 2.0 to make informed decisions about the chain of events. The Whistland system is composed of a geo-server, a mobile application with AR and an analytics dashboard. The geo-server acts as the hub of the sensor and social networks. The abstracted concept in this sense is the transformation of the user domain into \u201cintelligent sensors\u201d for the whole scope of crisis management. The social network integration is made through an efficient pointer-like mechanism that keeps the storage requirement low through a mobile application based on an augmented reality engine and provides qualitative information that sensors are unable to capture. Real-time analyses, geo-searches and the capability to examine event histories with an augmented reality engine all help the stakeholders to understand better the state of the resources under observation\/monitoring. The system has been extensively tested in the programmed maintenance of river basins, where it is necessary to log maintenance activities in order to keep the riverbank clean: a significant use-case in many countries affected by hydro-geological instability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6020041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]],"date-time":"2017-02-07T12:08:18Z","timestamp":1486469298000},"page":"41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Whistland: An Augmented Reality Crowd-Mapping System for Civil Protection and Emergency Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Gioele","family":"Luchetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5281-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1454-356X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirco","family":"Sturari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8893-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Frontoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Primo","family":"Zingaretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132509340711","article-title":"Geographic information science: Emerging research on the societal implications of the geospatial web","volume":"34","author":"Elwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chae, J., Thom, D., Bosch, H., Jang, Y., Maciejewski, R., Ebert, D., and Ertl, T. (2012, January 14\u201319). Spatiotemporal social media analytics for abnormal event detection and examination using seasonal-trend decomposition. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology 2012, VAST 2012, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VAST.2012.6400557"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2012.6","article-title":"Using social media to enhance emergency situation awareness","volume":"27","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Boccardo, P., and Pasquali, P. (September, January 25). Web mapping services in a crowdsource environment for disaster management: State-of-the-art and further development. Proceedings of the International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences\u2014ISPRS Archives, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Fuchs-Kittowski, F., and Faust, D. (2014). Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4041848","article-title":"Critical data source; Tool or even infrastructure? Challenges of geographic information systems and remote sensing for disaster risk governance","volume":"4","author":"Fekete","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sui, D., Elwood, S., and Goodchild, M. (2013). Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4587-2"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-014-0758-3","article-title":"Providing real-time assistance in disaster relief by leveraging crowdsourcing power","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clini, P., Frontoni, E., Quattrini, R., and Pierdicca, R. (2014). Augmented reality experience: From high-resolution acquisition to real time augmented contents. Adv. Multimed.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/597476"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Pierdicca, R., Frontoni, E., Zingaretti, P., Sturari, M., Clini, P., and Quattrini, R. (2015). Augmented and Virtual Reality, Springer."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-013-0747-y","article-title":"Augmented reality in education: A meta-review and cross-media analysis","volume":"18","author":"Radu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.10.001","article-title":"Augmented reality and photogrammetry: A synergy to visualize physical and virtual city environments","volume":"65","author":"Lerma","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-012-0597-z","article-title":"Mobile augmented reality for environmental monitoring","volume":"17","author":"Veas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(2007)21:5(303)","article-title":"Evaluation of augmented reality for rapid assessment of earthquake-induced building damage","volume":"21","author":"Kamat","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Aameer, R., Sofi, S., and Roohie, N. (2013, January 8\u20139). Augmented reality for fire and emergency services. Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Communication and Computer Networks, Comnet 2013, Hyderabad, India."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.06.018","article-title":"Smart maintenance of riverbanks using a standard data layer and Augmented Reality","volume":"95","author":"Pierdicca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benkhelifa, I., Nouali-Taboudjemat, N., and Moussaoui, S. (2014, January 13\u201316). Disaster management projects using wireless sensor networks: An overview. Proceedings of the 2014 28th International Conference on WAINA, Victoria, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2014.99"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2014.04.003","article-title":"Collaborative disaster management: An interdisciplinary approach","volume":"65","author":"Noran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ascani, A., Frontoni, E., Mancini, A., and Zingaretti, P. (2010, January 15\u201317). Wireless sensor network for exhausted oil collection management. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Mechatronics and Embedded Systems and Applications (MESA), Qingdao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MESA.2010.5551992"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catani, L., Frontoni, E., and Zingaretti, P. (2010, January 15\u201317). A framework based on vision sensors for the automatic management of exchange parking areas. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Mechatronics and Embedded Systems and Applications (MESA), Qingdao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MESA.2010.5552047"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frontoni, E., Mancini, A., and Zingaretti, P. (2014, January 10\u201312). Real time out of shelf detection using embedded sensor network. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE\/ASME 10th International Conference on Mechatronic and Embedded Systems and Applications (MESA), Senigallia, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MESA.2014.6935614"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3020853","article-title":"SIT-REM: An interoperable and interactive web geographic information system for fauna, flora and plant landscape data management","volume":"3","author":"Frontoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2013.09.009","article-title":"Rich mobile applications: Genesis, taxonomy, and open issues","volume":"40","author":"Abolfazli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancini, A., Frontoni, E., Zingaretti, P., and Longhi, S. (2015, January 9\u201312). High-resolution mapping of river and estuary areas by using unmanned aerial and surface platforms. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems, ICUAS 2015, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS.2015.7152333"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Charvat, K., Barvika, S., and Alberts, M. (2014, January 21\u201323). Linked open data for environmental protection in smart regions\u2014The new challenge for the use of environmental data and information. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Urban Planning and Regional Development in the Information Society, Section: Plan It Smart, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulligan, G., and Gra\u010danin, D. (2009, January 13\u201316). A comparison of SOAP and REST implementations of a service based interaction independence middleware framework. Proceedings of the 2009 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2009.5429290"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Botts, M., Percivall, G., Reed, C., and Davidson, J. (2008). GeoSensor Networks, Springer."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lechner, M. (2013, January 17). ARML 2.0 in the context of existing AR data formats. Proceedings of the 2013 6th Workshop on Software Engineering and Architectures for Realtime Interactive Systems (SEARIS), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SEARIS.2013.6798107"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luchetti, G., Servici, G., Frontoni, E., Mancini, A., and Zingaretti, P. (2013, January 25\u201328). Design and test of a precise mobile GPS tracker. Proceedings of the 2013 21st Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, MED 2013, Crete, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/MED.2013.6608872"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Chua, A., Marcheggiani, E., Servillo, L., and Moere, A.V. (2014). Social Informatics, Springer."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/2\/41\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:27:35Z","timestamp":1760207255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/2\/41"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi6020041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi6020041","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]]}}}