{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T11:47:42Z","timestamp":1780919262196,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671442, 41571430, 41271442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671442, 41571430, 41271442"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of urban transportation, people urgently need high-precision and up-to-date road maps. At the same time, people themselves are an important source of road information for detailed map construction, as they can detect real-world road surfaces with GPS devices in the course of their everyday life. Big trace data makes it possible and provides a great opportunity to extract and refine road maps at relatively low cost. In this paper, a new refinement method is proposed for incremental road map construction using big trace data, employing Delaunay triangulation for higher accuracy during the GPS trace stream fusion process. An experiment and evaluation were carried out on the GPS traces collected by taxis in Wuhan, China. The results show that the proposed method is practical and improves upon existing incremental methods in terms of accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6020045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T10:09:07Z","timestamp":1487153347000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A Road Map Refinement Method Using Delaunay Triangulation for Big Trace Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3523-8994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luliang","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1760-0865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, R., Six, H., and Wegner, L. (2003). Computer Science in Perspective, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36477-3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DAMI.0000026904.74892.89","article-title":"Mining GPS traces for map refinement","volume":"9","author":"Schroedl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Worrall, S., and Nebot, E. (2007, January 10\u201312). Automated process for generating digitised maps through GPS data compression. Proceedings of the Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, Brisbane, Australia."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Liu, X., Zhu, Y., Wang, Y., Forman, G., Ni, L.M., Fang, Y., and Li, M. (2012). Road Recognition Using Coarse-Grained Vehicular Traces, HP Labs. Technical Report HPL-2012-26."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karagiorgou, S., and Pfoser, D. (2012, January 6\u20139). On vehicle tracking data-based road network generation. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Redondo Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2424321.2424334"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2014.944527","article-title":"A novel approach for generating routable road maps from vehicle GPS traces","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2521482","article-title":"CLRIC: Collecting lane-based road information via crowdsourcing","volume":"17","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4042660","article-title":"Lane-level road information mining from vehicle GPS trajectories based on na\u00efve bayesian classification","volume":"4","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2006.83","article-title":"Scalable, distributed, real-time map generation","volume":"5","author":"Davies","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jterra.2007.04.001","article-title":"Validating a GIS-based multi-criteria method for potential road identification","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Terramech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Liu, J., Chen, R., Li, J., Xie, C., Niu, W., Geng, D., and Qin, Q. (2011, January 24\u201329). A new method of road network updating based on floating car data. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049490"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biagioni, J., and Eriksson, J. (2012, January 6\u20139). Map inference in the face of noise and disparity. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Redondo Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2424321.2424333"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers, S., Langley, P., and Wilson, C. (1999, January 15\u201318). Mining GPS data to augment road models. Proceedings of the Fifth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/312129.312208"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Bruntrup, R., Edelkamp, S., and Jabbar, S. (2005, January 16). Incremental map generation with GPS traces. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2008.11.032","article-title":"Extracting road information from recorded GPS data using snap-drift neural network","volume":"73","author":"Ekpenyong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, L., and Krumm, J. (2009, January 4\u20139). From GPS traces to a routable road map. Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1653771.1653776"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein, L., and Ferragina, P. (2012). Algorithms\u2013ESA 2012, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33090-2"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2015.1086902","article-title":"A fitted B-spline method to derive a representative 3D axis from a set of multiple road traces","volume":"31","author":"Reinoso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"238","article-title":"Integrated use of spatial and semantic relationships for extracting road networks from floating car data","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, J., and Wang, R. (2016). Road map inference: A segmentation and grouping framework. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5080130"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707-014-0222-6","article-title":"A comparison and evaluation of map construction algorithms using vehicle tracking data","volume":"19","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geoinformatica"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"37","article-title":"Evaluation: From precision, recall and F-measure to ROC, informedness, and correlation","volume":"2","author":"Powers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"33","article-title":"Segmenting trajectories: A framework and algorithms using spatiotemporal criteria","volume":"3","author":"Buchin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuessler, N., and Axhausen, K.W. (2009). Processing raw data from global positioning systems without additional information. Transp. Res. Rec.","DOI":"10.3141\/2105-04"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"21","article-title":"Segmentation of trajectories on nonmonotone criteria","volume":"12","author":"Aronov","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Algorithms"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"317","article-title":"Map generalization with a triangulated data structure","volume":"22","author":"Jones","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01553881","article-title":"Constrained delaunay triangulations","volume":"4","author":"Chew","year":"1989","journal-title":"Algorithmica"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Morphological analysis of shapes","volume":"139","author":"Prasad","year":"1997","journal-title":"CNLS Newsl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/136588197242419","article-title":"A simple positional accuracy measure for linear features","volume":"11","author":"Goodchild","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"121","article-title":"Discrete geometric shapes: Matching, interpolation, and approximation","volume":"1","author":"Alt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Handb. Comput. Geom."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2729977","article-title":"A path-based distance for street map comparison","volume":"1","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Spat. Algorithms Syst."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/2\/45\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:28:21Z","timestamp":1760207301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/2\/45"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi6020045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi6020045","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]]}}}