{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:30:14Z","timestamp":1775838614067,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,20]],"date-time":"2017-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP140100873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP140100873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) has been identified as a promising but challenging topic to transform information towards the generation of knowledge and intelligence. Achievement of integrating these two concepts and enabling technologies will have a significant impact on solving problems in the civil, building and infrastructure sectors. However, since GIS and BIM were originally developed for different purposes, numerous challenges are being encountered for the integration. To better understand these two different domains, this paper reviews the development and dissimilarities of GIS and BIM, the existing integration methods, and investigates their potential in various applications. This study shows that the integration methods are developed for various reasons and aim to solve different problems. The parameters influencing the choice can be summarized and named as \u201cEEEF\u201d criteria: effectiveness, extensibility, effort, and flexibility. Compared with other methods, semantic web technologies provide a promising and generalized integration solution. However, the biggest challenges of this method are the large efforts required at early stage and the isolated development of ontologies within one particular domain. The isolation problem also applies to other methods. Therefore, openness is the key of the success of BIM and GIS integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6020053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,20]],"date-time":"2017-02-20T11:07:24Z","timestamp":1487588844000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":286,"title":["A State-of-the-Art Review on the Integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4513-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australasian Joint Research Centre for Building Information Modelling, School of Built Environment, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Western Australia, Australia"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australasian Joint Research Centre for Building Information Modelling, School of Built Environment, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"International Scholar, Department of Housing and Interior Design, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Western Australia, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1722-2617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9702-4153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Construction Management and Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Construction Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2012.10.012","article-title":"A conceptual framework for integrating building information modeling with augmented reality","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. 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