{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:11:22Z","timestamp":1760242282284,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]],"date-time":"2017-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meteorological information has obvious spatial-temporal characteristics. Although it is meaningful to employ a geographic information system (GIS) to visualize and analyze the meteorological information for better identification and forecasting of meteorological weather so as to reduce the meteorological disaster loss, modeling meteorological information based on a GIS is still difficult because meteorological elements generally have no stable shape or clear boundary. To date, there are still few GIS models that can satisfy the requirements of both meteorological visualization and analysis. In this article, a spatial lattice model based on sampling particles is proposed to support both the representation and analysis of meteorological information. In this model, a spatial sampling particle is regarded as the basic element that contains the meteorological information, and the location where the particle is placed with the time mark. The location information is generally represented using a point. As these points can be extended to a surface in two dimensions and a voxel in three dimensions, if these surfaces and voxels can occupy a certain space, then this space can be represented using these spatial sampling particles with their point locations and meteorological information. In this case, the full meteorological space can then be represented by arranging numerous particles with their point locations in a certain structure and resolution, i.e., the spatial lattice model, and extended at a higher resolution when necessary. For practical use, the meteorological space is logically classified into three types of spaces, namely the projection surface space, curved surface space, and stereoscopic space, and application-oriented spatial lattice models with different organization forms of spatial sampling particles are designed to support the representation, inquiry, and analysis of meteorological information within the three types of surfaces. Cases studies are conducted by (1) performing a visualization of radar data that is used to describe the reflectivity factor of a raindrop and the pressure field information acquired from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), and (2) taking cutting analysis as another example where advanced meteorological analysis is performed. The results show that the proposed spatial lattice model can contribute to the feasible and effective analysis of meteorological information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6030077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]],"date-time":"2017-03-09T04:53:03Z","timestamp":1489035183000},"page":"77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Spatial Lattice Model Applied for Meteorological Visualization and Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinzhong","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aili","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dobesch, H., Dumolard, P., and Dyras, I. (2013). Spatial Interpolation for Climate Data-the Use of GIS in Climatology and Meteorology, ISTE."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-86-2-176","article-title":"Evolution of NCAR\u2019s GIS Initiative: Demonstration of GIS Interoperability","volume":"86","author":"Wilhelmi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2010.181","article-title":"Noodles: A Tool for Visualization of Numerical Weather Model Ensemble Uncertainty","volume":"16","author":"Sanyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/17538940902866187","article-title":"Web-system for processing and visualization of meteorological data for Siberian environment research","volume":"2","author":"Titov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2011.09.010","article-title":"Development of a Web-based visualization platform for climate research using Google Earth","volume":"47","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Luo, W., Chang, Z., Kong, L., Link, R., Hejazi, M., Clarke, L., and Maciejewski, R. Web-Based Visualization of the Global Change Assessment Model. Available online: https:\/\/diglib.eg.org\/handle\/10.2312\/envirvis.20151085.013-017."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.06.029","article-title":"Quantifying the spatial temporal variability of annual streamflow and meteorological changes in eastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec using wavelet analysis and GIS","volume":"499","author":"Adamowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Nocke, T., Sterzel, T., Bottinger, M., and Worbel, M. Visualization of Climate and Climate Change Data: An Overview. Available online: https:\/\/www.pik-potsdam.de\/members\/nocke\/.personal\/NockeSterzelBoettingerWrobel06.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Grotjahn, R., Barlow, M., Black, R., Cavazos, T., Gutowski, W., Gyakum, J., Katz, R., Kumar, A., Leung, L.-Y., and Schumacher, R. (2014). US CLIVAR Workshop on Analyses, Dynamics, and Modeling of Large-Scale Meteorological Patterns Associated with Extreme Temperature and Precipitation Events, US CLIVAR Report, US CLIVAR Project Office."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810500399043","article-title":"A combinatorial data model for representing topological relations among 3D geographical features in micro-spatial environments","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-58782007000400001","article-title":"Converting CSG models into Meshed B-Rep Models Using Euler Operators and Propagation Based Marching","volume":"29","author":"Tsuzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Foley, J., van Dam, A., Feiner, S., and Hughes, J. (1995). Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, Addison Wesley. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2003.06.005","article-title":"Topological relations embodied in a generalized tri-prism (GTP) model for a 3D geoscience modeling system","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/1365881031000086974","article-title":"An object-oriented data model for complex objects in three-dimensional geographical information systems","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2010.05.020","article-title":"Towards an integrated inversion of geoscientific data: What price of geology?","volume":"490","author":"Jessell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1993)074<1669:TWATWO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The WSR-88D and the WSR-88D Operational Support Facility","volume":"74","author":"Crum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"102","article-title":"Operational Applications of CINRAD Weather Radar Network in Shandong","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meteorological"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"146","article-title":"Next-Generation Digital Earth\u2014A Position Paper from the Vespucci Initiative for the Advancement of Geographic Information Science","volume":"3","author":"Craglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Spat. Data Infrastruct. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2012.668561","article-title":"The Future of Digital Earth","volume":"18","author":"Goodchild","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. GIS"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/17538941003622602","article-title":"Digital Earth: Decadal Experiences and Some Thoughts","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1068\/b38160","article-title":"Real Geographic Scenario Based Virtual Social Environment: Integrate Geography with Social Research","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6975","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4761-4","article-title":"Developing Dynamic Virtual Geographic Environments (VGEs) for Geographic Research","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12167","article-title":"Virtual Environments Begin to Embrace Process-Based Geographic Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2012.689234","article-title":"Virtual Geographic Environment: A Workspace for Computer-Aided Geographic Experiments","volume":"103","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2013.08.001","article-title":"Virtual Geographic Environments (VGEs): A New Generation of Geographic Analysis Tool","volume":"126","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-011-4193-2","article-title":"Geographic analysis-oriented Virtual Geographic Environment: Framework, structure and functions","volume":"54","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/3\/77\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:30:05Z","timestamp":1760207405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/3\/77"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi6030077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi6030077","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]}}}