{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:37:47Z","timestamp":1775803067548,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]],"date-time":"2017-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hainan Province Natural Science Foundation Innovative Research Team: Study on Urban Green Landscape Pattern Remote Sensing Evaluation based on Lidar and Multispectral Data","award":["2017CXTD015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017CXTD015"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Science and Technology Project: Urban Impervious Surface Remote Sensing Extraction System","award":["2016A050502065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016A050502065"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program: Chengdu City Impervious Surface Remote Sensing Extraction System","award":["2016JZ0027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016JZ0027"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Natural Science Foundation: Urban Heat Island Remote Sensing Retrieval Technology in Urban Main Construction Area based on Night Light Index","award":["417219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["417219"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urbanization is typically accompanied by the relocation and reconstruction of industrial areas due to limited space and environmental requirements, particularly in the case of a capital city. Shougang Group, one of the largest steel mill operators in China, was relocated from Beijing to Hebei Province. To study the thermal environmental changes at the Shougang industrial site before and after relocation, four Landsat images (from 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2016) were used to calculate the land surface temperature (LST). Using the urban heat island ratio index (URI), we compared the LST values for the four images of the investigated area. Following the relocation of Shougang Group, the URI values decreased from 0.55 in 2005 to 0.21 in 2016, indicating that the surface urban heat island effect in the area was greatly mitigated; we infer that this effect was related to steel production. This study shows that the use of Landsat images to assess industrial thermal pollution is feasible. Accurate and rapid extraction of thermal pollution data by remote sensing offers great potential for the management of industrial pollution sources and distribution, and for technical support in urban planning departments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6040121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]],"date-time":"2017-04-19T10:22:01Z","timestamp":1492597321000},"page":"121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Spatial and Temporal Analysis of the Mitigating Effects of Industrial Relocation on the Surface Urban Heat Island over China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Linlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Sanya Institute of Remote Sensing, Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingyan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Sanya Institute of Remote Sensing, Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Sanya Institute of Remote Sensing, Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunxiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Sanya Institute of Remote Sensing, Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Wang, J., Wang, P., Sparrow, M., Yang, J., and Chen, H. (2007). Influences of urbanization on surface characteristics as derived from the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer: A case study for the Beijing metropolitan area. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007997"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flanner, M.G. (2009). Integrating anthropogenic heat flux with global climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL036465"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00132-6","article-title":"Impact of anthropogenic heat on urban climate in Tokyo","volume":"33","author":"Ichinose","year":"1999","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.04.026","article-title":"Analysis of urban heat-island effect using aster and ETM+ data: Separation of anthropogenic heat discharge and natural heat radiation from sensible heat flux","volume":"99","author":"Kato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019284332306","article-title":"Effect of a heat island on the meteorology of a complex urban airshed","volume":"100","author":"Khan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00344-5","article-title":"Weekly cycle of meteorological variations in Melbourne and the role of pollution and anthropogenic heat release","volume":"31","author":"Simmonds","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.02.007","article-title":"Remotely sensed thermal pollution and its relationship with energy consumption and industry in a rapidly urbanizing Chinese city","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8181(03)00113-9","article-title":"Thermal pollution causes global warming","volume":"38","author":"Nordell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Global Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.11.015","article-title":"Spectral mixture analysis of ASTER images for examining the relationship between urban thermal features and biophysical descriptors in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA","volume":"104","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500315485","article-title":"Fractal analysis of the structure and dynamics of a satellite-detected urban heat island","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.02.043","article-title":"Path towards achieving of China\u2018s 2020 carbon emission reduction target\u2014A discussion of low-carbon energy policies at province level","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2010.09.002","article-title":"Relationship between construction characteristics and carbon emissions from urban household operational energy usage","volume":"43","author":"Ye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"728","article-title":"Study on the distribution of anthropogenic heat flux over China","volume":"35","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.11.005","article-title":"Long-term and fine-scale satellite monitoring of the urban heat island effect by the fusion of multi-temporal and multi-sensor remote sensed data: A 26-year case study of the city of Wuhan in China","volume":"172","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2013.12.008","article-title":"Efficiency of parks in mitigating urban heat island effect: An example from Addis Ababa","volume":"123","author":"Feyisa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.21","article-title":"Urban heat island effects on estimates of observed climate change","volume":"1","author":"Parker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.09.074","article-title":"Urban heat island effect analysis for San Juan, Puerto Rico","volume":"40","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"The energetic basis of the urban heat island","volume":"108","author":"Oke","year":"1982","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.859","article-title":"Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island","volume":"23","author":"Arnfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2013.02.005","article-title":"Relationship between land surface temperature and spatial pattern of greenspace: What are the effects of spatial resolution?","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-013-0342-8","article-title":"Spatio-temporal assessment of urban heat island effects in Kuala Lumpur metropolitan city using landsat images","volume":"42","author":"Yusuf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.07.017","article-title":"Downscaling AVHRR land surface temperatures for improved surface urban heat island intensity estimation","volume":"113","author":"Stathopoulou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3596","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4113596","article-title":"A quantitative approach for analyzing the relationship between urban heat islands and land cover","volume":"4","author":"Ogashawara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054020","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/5\/054020","article-title":"Interactions between urban vegetation and surface urban heat islands: A case study in the boston metropolitan region","volume":"11","author":"Melaas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.10.008","article-title":"Remote sensing of the urban heat island effect across biomes in the continental USA","volume":"114","author":"Imhoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.07.008","article-title":"Impacts of landscape structure on surface urban heat islands: A case study of Shanghai, China","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00084-1","article-title":"Evaluating environmental influences of zoning in urban ecosystems with remote sensing","volume":"86","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/01944360108976228","article-title":"Urban form and thermal efficiency: How the design of cities influences the urban heat island effect","volume":"67","author":"Stone","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/15693430412331291698","article-title":"The built environment induced urban heat island effect in rapidly urbanizing arid regions\u2014A sustainable urban engineering complexity","volume":"1","author":"Golden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2007.02.006","article-title":"The influence of land use on the urban heat island in Singapore","volume":"31","author":"Jusuf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-012-9833-1","article-title":"Landscape configuration and urban heat island effects: Assessing the relationship between landscape characteristics and land surface temperature in Phoenix, Arizona","volume":"28","author":"Connors","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308904400","article-title":"On the relationship between thermal emissivity and the normalized difference vegetation index for natural surfaces","volume":"14","author":"Owe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(96)00039-9","article-title":"Mapping land surface emissivity from NDVI: Application to European, African, and South American areas","volume":"57","author":"Valor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00171-1","article-title":"A comparative study of land surface emissivity retrieval from NOAA data","volume":"75","author":"Sobrino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"28","article-title":"The estimation of land surface emissivity for landsat TM6","volume":"3","author":"Qin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Land Resour."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"125","article-title":"Comparison of two new algorithms for retrieving land surface temperature from landsat TM thermal band","volume":"8","author":"Ding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"629","article-title":"Land surface temperature retrieval and dynamic change of the thermal landsacpe patterns of Hefei city","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anhui Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, F., and Xu, H. (2010, January 27\u201331). The influence of urban reconstruction in urban heat island effect: Cangxia area of Fuzhou City, China. Proceedings of the Seventeenth China Symposium on Remote Sensing, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.910413"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1389","article-title":"Digital image analysis techniques to estimate waterspread for capacity evaluations of reservoirs","volume":"59","author":"Manavalan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"013","article-title":"A study on urban heat island and its spatial relationship with urban expansion: Xiamen, SE China","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.73.12.1381","article-title":"Extraction of urban built-up land features from landsat imagery using a thematicoriented index combination technique","volume":"73","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1021\/es2030438","article-title":"Surface urban heat island across 419 global big cities","volume":"46","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.11.016","article-title":"Remote sensing image-based analysis of the relationship between urban heat island and land use\/cover changes","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Qin, Q., Wei, Z., and Li, J. (2016). Application of GPS trajectory data for investigating the interaction between human activity and landscape pattern: A case study of the Lijiang River Basin, China. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5070104"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/4\/121\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:32:55Z","timestamp":1760207575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/4\/121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi6040121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi6040121","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]}}}