{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T13:16:14Z","timestamp":1770470174993,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,22]],"date-time":"2017-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["617754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["617754"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["689812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["689812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TD1202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TD1202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IC1203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC1203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UID\/MULTI\/00308\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/MULTI\/00308\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the opening up of the Landsat archive, global high resolution land cover maps have begun to appear. However, they often have only a small number of high level land cover classes and they are static products, corresponding to a particular period of time, e.g., the GlobeLand30 (GL30) map for 2010. The OpenStreetMap (OSM), in contrast, consists of a very detailed, dynamically updated, spatial database of mapped features from around the world, but it suffers from incomplete coverage, and layers of overlapping features that are tagged in a variety of ways. However, it clearly has potential for land use and land cover (LULC) mapping. Thus the aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the OSM can be converted into a LULC map and how this OSM-derived LULC map can then be used to first update the GL30 with more recent information and secondly, enhance the information content of the classes. The technique is demonstrated on two study areas where there is availability of OSM data but in locations where authoritative data are lacking, i.e., Kathmandu, Nepal and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The GL30 and its updated and enhanced versions are independently validated using a stratified random sample so that the three maps can be compared. The results show that the updated version of GL30 improves in terms of overall accuracy since certain classes were not captured well in the original GL30 (e.g., water in Kathmandu and water\/wetlands in Dar es Salaam). In contrast, the enhanced GL30, which contains more detailed urban classes, results in a drop in the overall accuracy, possibly due to the increased number of classes, but the advantages include the appearance of more detailed features, such as the road network, that becomes clearly visible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6040125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,24]],"date-time":"2017-04-24T13:10:11Z","timestamp":1493039411000},"page":"125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Generating Up-to-Date and Detailed Land Use and Land Cover Maps Using OpenStreetMap and GlobeLand30"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9408-8100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cid\u00e1lia","family":"Fonte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Coimbra, Largo D. Dinis, 3001-501 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9993-1072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Minghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Patriarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7365-9995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vyron","family":"Antoniou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hellenic Military Academy, Leof. Varis\u2014Koropiou, 16673 Vari, Greece"},{"name":"Hellenic Military Geographical Service, 4, Evelpidon Str., 11362 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2665-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A2361 Laxenburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6855-4980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andriani","family":"Skopeliti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 H. Polytechniou, 15780 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00254.1","article-title":"The ESA Climate Change Initiative: Satellite Data Records for Essential Climate Variables","volume":"94","author":"Hollmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118160","article-title":"The Importance of Land-Cover Change in Simulating Future Climates","volume":"310","author":"Feddema","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Verheye, W.H. (2009). AFRICOVER land cover classification and mapping project. 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