{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T19:28:43Z","timestamp":1774121323405,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]],"date-time":"2017-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In map generalization, road symbolization and map scale reduction may create spatial conflicts between roads and neighboring buildings. To resolve these conflicts, cartographers often displace the buildings. However, because such displacement sometimes produces secondary spatial conflicts, it is necessary to solve the spatial conflicts iteratively. In this paper, we apply the immune genetic algorithm (IGA) and improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) to building displacement to solve conflicts. The dual-inheritance framework from the cultural algorithm is adopted in the PSO algorithm to optimize the topologic structure of particles. We generate Pareto optimal displacement solutions using the niche Pareto competition mechanism. The results of experiments comparing IGA and the improved PSO show that the improved PSO outperforms IGA; the improved PSO results in fewer graphic conflicts and smaller movements that better satisfy the movement precision requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6050127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]],"date-time":"2017-04-26T13:42:06Z","timestamp":1493214126000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Reducing Building Conflicts in Map Generalization with an Improved PSO Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hesheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5863-1946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingsheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yageng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Geomatics Institute, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuangang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1080\/136588198241509","article-title":"A method for building displacement in automated map generalisation","volume":"12","author":"Ruas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1559\/152304099782424884","article-title":"The constraint method for solving spatial conflicts in cartographic generalization","volume":"26","author":"Harrie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009713606524","article-title":"Conflict reduction in map generalization using iterative improvement","volume":"2","author":"Ware","year":"1998","journal-title":"GeoInformatica"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810310001596085","article-title":"Automated map generalization with multiple operators: A simulated annealing approach","volume":"17","author":"Ware","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-7051(03)00031-5","article-title":"A knowledge based genetic algorithm approach to automating cartographic generalisation","volume":"16","author":"Ware","year":"2003","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3615(03)00132-5","article-title":"A genetic algorithm approach to cartographic map generalisation","volume":"52","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12165","article-title":"An immune genetic algorithm to buildings displacement in cartographic generalization","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kennedy, J., and Eberhart, R.C. (December, January 27). Particle swarm optimization. Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Piscataway, NJ, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bobrich, J. (1996). Ein Neuer Ansatz zur Kartographischen Verdr\u00e4ngung auf der Grundlage Eines Mechanischen Federmodels, Deutsche Geod\u00e4tische Kommission."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"2032","article-title":"Cartographic displacement by minimization of spatial and geometric conflicts","volume":"3","author":"Bobrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1559\/152304000783548028","article-title":"Solving space conflicts in map generalization: Using a finite element method","volume":"27","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"F\u00f6rstner, W., and Pluemer, L. (1997). Cartographic displacement using the snakes concept. Semantic Modeling for the Acquisition of Topografic Information from Images and Maps, Birkhaeuser-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bader, M. (2001). Energy Minimization Methods for Feature Displacement in Map Generalization, Universit\u00e4t Zurich."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810500161237","article-title":"Building displacement over a ductile truss","volume":"19","author":"Bader","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Guo, Q., Sun, Y., and Ma, X. (2014). A combined approach to cartographic displacement for buildings based on skeleton and improved elastic beam algorithm. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113953"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Fei, L. (2002). A Method of Automated Cartographic Displacement: On the Relationship between Streets and Buildings, Institute of Cartographic and Geoinformation, University of Hannover."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s00453-001-0007-9","article-title":"Automated displacement for large numbers of discrete map objects","volume":"30","author":"Mackaness","year":"2001","journal-title":"Algorithmica"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1590\/S1982-21702011000200001","article-title":"A zone-based iterative building displacement method through the collective use of Voronoi tessellation, spatial analysis and multicriteria decision making","volume":"17","author":"Basaraner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bol. Cienc. Geod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00453-001-0011-0","article-title":"An iterative displacement method for conflict resolution in map generalization","volume":"30","author":"Lonergan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Algorithmica"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3138\/H7K9-2160-2765-8230","article-title":"Algebraic models for feature displacement in the generalization of digital map data using morphological techniques","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cartographica"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810410001702021","article-title":"Automated building generalization based on urban morphology and gestalt theory","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707-011-0146-3","article-title":"Building pattern recognition in topographic data: Examples on collinear and curvilinear alignments","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geoinformatica"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2015.1019886","article-title":"A vector field model to handle the displacement of multiple conflicts in building generalization","volume":"29","author":"Ai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Reynolds, R.G. (1994, January 24\u201326). An introduction to cultural algorithms. Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Shi, Y., van Albada, G.D., Dongarra, J., and Sloot, P.M.A. (2007). Cultural particle swarm algorithms for constrained multi-objective optimization. Computational Science\u2014ICCS, Springer."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2010.2068046","article-title":"Cultural-based multiobjective particle swarm optimization","volume":"41","author":"Daneshyari","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B Cybern."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, C., and Masud, A.S.M. (1979). Multiple Objective Decision MakingMethods and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45511-7"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eberhart, R.C., and Shi, Y. (1998, January 25\u201327). Comparison between genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization. Proceedings of the International Conference on Evolutionary Programming, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0040812"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/5\/127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:33:50Z","timestamp":1760207630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/5\/127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi6050127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi6050127","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]]}}}