{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:33:33Z","timestamp":1789979613580,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]],"date-time":"2017-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41471325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41471325"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Scientific Research of Surveying and Mapping in the Public Welfare","award":["201512032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201512032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ancient Chinese-style architecture has received increased attention during the last century as a segment of cultural heritage and is of great significance, specifically in regard to the process of digitizing and modeling these buildings to preserve and protect this heritage. Because the roof form reflects the age of the structure, the structural character and the historical culture of the ancient building, constructing a refined model for the roof is a primary aspect of the 3D modeling procedure. To avoid cumbersome traditional modeling approaches that use geometry units, such as points, lines and triangles, a flexible semantic method is proposed in this study to improve modeling efficiency and reduce the professional requirements. In this method, a two-level semantic decomposition of the roof is presented according to the characteristics of ancient Chinese-style architecture. The structural level reveals the basic components that determine its structural shape, and the decorative level refers to the attached components that influence the exterior appearance. The assembly validity of the decomposed elements and the combined diversity of the integrated entities are ensured by topological constraints and derived transformations of the semantic components. This proposed method was implemented by utilizing CityGML (City Geography Markup Language) via the ADE (Application Domain Extension) mechanism and was tested by modeling the principal buildings included in the Palace Museum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6050132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]],"date-time":"2017-04-27T13:01:15Z","timestamp":1493298075000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Semantic 3D Modeling Based on CityGML for Ancient Chinese-Style Architectural Roofs of Digital Heritage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2034-982X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Rd., Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Center of Digital City Engineering, Shenzhen 518034, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory for Geographical Information Systems, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4864-991X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Rd., Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haihong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Rd., Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1132-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Rd., Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Rd., Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenmin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Rd., Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2010.01.006","article-title":"A definition of cultural heritage: From the tangible to the intangible","volume":"11","author":"Vecco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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