{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T21:05:04Z","timestamp":1776891904191,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]],"date-time":"2017-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tourism is one of the most economically important industries. It is, however, vulnerable to disaster events. Geotagged social media data, as one of the forms of volunteered geographic information (VGI), has been widely explored to support the prevention, preparation, and response phases of disaster management, while little effort has been put on the recovery phase. This study develops a scientific workflow and methods to monitor and assess post-disaster tourism recovery using geotagged Flickr photos, which involve a viewshed based data quality enhancement, a space-time bin based quantitative photo analysis, and a crowdsourcing based qualitative photo analysis. The developed workflow and methods have also been demonstrated in this paper through a case study conducted for the Philippines where a magnitude 7.2 earthquake (Bohol earthquake) and a super typhoon (Haiyan) occurred successively in October and November 2013. In the case study, we discovered spatiotemporal knowledge about the post-disaster tourism recovery, including the recovery statuses and trends, and the photos visually showing unfixed damages. The findings contribute to a better tourism rehabilitation of the study area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6050144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]],"date-time":"2017-05-03T12:24:47Z","timestamp":1493814287000},"page":"144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Monitoring and Assessing Post-Disaster Tourism Recovery Using Geotagged Social Media Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3487-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingwei","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Eckle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8340-3328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiao-Ling","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Herfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongchao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4916-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Zipf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-007-9111-y","article-title":"Citizens as sensors: The world of volunteered geography","volume":"69","author":"Goodchild","year":"2007","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/17538941003759255","article-title":"Crowdsourcing geographic information for disaster response: A research frontier","volume":"3","author":"Goodchild","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Horita, F.E.A., Degrossi, L.C., de Assis, L.F.G., Zipf, A., and de Albuquerque, J.P. (2013, January 15\u201317). The use of volunteered geographic information (VGI) and crowdsourcing in disaster management: A systematic literature review. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/gec3.12213","article-title":"A review of volunteered geographic information for disaster management","volume":"9","author":"Haworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geogr. Compass"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2014.932758","article-title":"Towards a research agenda for post-disaster and post-crisis recovery strategies for tourist destinations: A narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Mair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/10548408.2012.638565","article-title":"The effectiveness of post-disaster recovery marketing messages\u2014The case of the 2009 Australian bushfires","volume":"29","author":"Walters","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Travel Tour. Mark."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"183","article-title":"Destination-image recovery process and visit intentions: Lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina","volume":"22","author":"Ryu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1300\/J073v15n04_05","article-title":"Crisis management and tourism","volume":"15","author":"Santana","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Travel Tour. Mark."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/10548400802164905","article-title":"Hurricane Katrina's effect on the perception of New Orleans leisure tourists","volume":"25","author":"Pearlman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Travel Tour. Mark."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1108\/DPM-01-2016-0006","article-title":"Critical success factors for post-disaster infrastructure recovery: Learning from the Canterbury (NZ) earthquake recovery","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disaster Prev. Manag. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.05.006","article-title":"Measuring resilience and recovery","volume":"19","author":"Platt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2010.10.001","article-title":"Ghosts: A travel barrier to tourism recovery","volume":"38","author":"Rittichainuwat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12039","article-title":"Using reverse viewshed analysis to assess the location correctness of visually generated VGI","volume":"17","author":"Senaratne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.5204\/mcj.620","article-title":"Mining one percent of Twitter: Collections, baselines, sampling","volume":"16","author":"Gerlitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"M\/C J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank, M., Dong, B., Felt, A.P., and Song, D. (2012, January 10\u201313). Mining permission request patterns from Android and Facebook applications. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 12th International Conference on Data Mining, Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2012.86"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1145\/2168752.2168770","article-title":"Mining travel patterns from geotagged photos","volume":"3","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.08.008","article-title":"Understanding human activity patterns based on space-time-semantics","volume":"121","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2013.777139","article-title":"Spatial, temporal, and socioeconomic patterns in the use of Twitter and Flickr","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12072","article-title":"Mining trajectory data and geotagged data in social media for road map inference","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2014.996567","article-title":"A geographic approach for combining social media and authoritative data towards identifying useful information for disaster management","volume":"29","author":"Herfort","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2202\/1948-4682.1069","article-title":"Volunteered geographic information and crowdsourcing disaster relief: A case study of the Haitian earthquake","volume":"2","author":"Zook","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Med. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2328\/jnds.34.3","article-title":"Utilization of social media in the east Japan earthquake and tsunami and its effectiveness","volume":"34","author":"Peary","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nat. Disaster Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.04.020","article-title":"Communicating on Twitter during a disaster: An analysis of tweets during Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines","volume":"50","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.03.013","article-title":"The National Landslide Database of Great Britain: Acquisition, communication and the role of social media","volume":"249","author":"Pennington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Brown, D., Saito, K., Spence, R., Chenvidyakarn, T., Adams, B., Mcmillan, A., and Platt, S. (2008, January 11\u201312). Indicators for measuring, monitoring and evaluating post-disaster recovery. Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Remote Sensing for Disaster Applications, Pavia, Italy."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.20965\/jdr.2014.p1059","article-title":"Post-disaster urban recovery monitoring in Pisco after the 2007 Peru earthquake using satellite image","volume":"9","author":"Hoshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Disaster Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-011-9318-7","article-title":"The use of remotely sensed data and ground survey tools to assess damage and monitor early recovery following the 12.5.2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2012.01305.x","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of post-disaster housing recovery: A case study of Punta Gorda, Florida, after Hurricane Charley","volume":"37","author":"Rathfon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarthy, K., and Hanson, M. (2008). Technical Report: Post-Katrina Recovery of the Housing Market along the Mississippi Gulf Coast, Gulf States Policy Institute.","DOI":"10.7249\/TR511"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2017, March 16). The International Charter. Available online: https:\/\/www.disasterscharter.org\/documents\/10180\/187832\/CHARTER_UA_ENG.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spasta.2012.03.002","article-title":"Assuring the quality of volunteered geographic information","volume":"1","author":"Goodchild","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spat. Stat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1179\/000870410X12911304958827","article-title":"How many volunteers does it take to map an area well? The validity of Linus\u2019 law to volunteered geographic information","volume":"47","author":"Haklay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2016, December 27). Create Space Time Cube. Available online: http:\/\/pro.arcgis.com\/en\/pro-app\/tool-reference\/space-time-pattern-mining\/create-space-time-cube.htm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19729","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901639106","article-title":"Niches, models, and climate change: Assessing the assumptions and uncertainties","volume":"106","author":"Wiens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2007.11.009","article-title":"Trend detection in hydrologic data: The Mann\u2013Kendall trend test under the scaling hypothesis","volume":"349","author":"Hamed","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Imran, M., Castillo, C., Lucas, J., Meier, P., and Vieweg, S. (2014, January 7\u201311). AIDR: Artificial intelligence for disaster response. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web, Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2016, December 21). When to Go and Weather. Available online: http:\/\/www.lonelyplanet.com\/philippines\/weather."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-14-2795-2014","article-title":"Brief communication: On the source characteristics and impacts of the magnitude 7.2 Bohol earthquake, Philippines","volume":"14","author":"Lagmay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2014.10.006","article-title":"Devastating storm surges of Typhoon Haiyan","volume":"11","author":"Lagmay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2016, December 10). The Bohol Quake: Then and Now (How Has Bohol\u2019s Recovered after this Disaster?). Available online: http:\/\/8list.ph\/bohol-quake-third-anniversary\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2016, December 10). A Year after Yolanda: Malapascua, Bantayan Now Ready for Tourists. Available online: http:\/\/www.philstar.com\/cebu-business\/2014\/11\/08\/1389447\/year-after-yolanda-malapascua-bantayan-now-ready-tourists.","DOI":"10.12968\/cypn.2014.16.10"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Tachikawa, T., Kaku, M., Iwasaki, A., Gesch, D.B., Oimoen, M.J., Zhang, Z., Danielson, J.J., Krieger, T., Curtis, B., and Haase, J. (2011). Aster Global Digital Elevation Model Version 2\u2014Summary of Validation Results, NASA Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center and the Joint Japan-US ASTER Science Team."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2016, December 23). USGS Earthexplorer, Available online: https:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2016, December 23). OpenStreetMap. org.ph Mina-Mapa ang Pilipinas. Available online: https:\/\/openstreetmap.org.ph\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2016, December 23). Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team. Available online: https:\/\/hotosm.org\/projects\/typhoon_haiyan."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2015.6.2.HYN_007","article-title":"Is the response over? The transition from response to recovery in the health sector post-Typhoon Haiyan","volume":"6","author":"Gocotano","year":"2015","journal-title":"West. Pac. Surveill. Response"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2017, March 10). Philippine Tourism Continues, Available online: http:\/\/tourism.gov.ph\/Pages\/20131118aPHILIPPINETOURISMCONTINUES.aspx."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2017, March 09). Bohol Earthquake Recovery Operation Comes to an End; Boholanos Grateful for Repaired Shelter, New Homes. Available online: http:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/philippines\/bohol-earthquake-recovery-operation-comes-end-boholanos-grateful-repaired-shelter."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2017, March 09). After Typhoon Haiyan, Australians Help Philippines with Recovery. Available online: http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/world\/after-typhoon-haiyan-australians-help-philippines-with-recovery-20140912\u201310eu1e.html."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2017, March 10). Look: Bohol\u2019s Centuries-old Churches Two Years after the Quake. Available online: http:\/\/lifestyle.inquirer.net\/198313\/look-bohols-centuries-old-churches-two-years-after-the-quake\/."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2016, December 15). 2 Centuries-old Bohol Churches Devastated by 7.2 Magnitude Earthquake. Available online: http:\/\/newsinfo.inquirer.net\/507125\/centuries-old-baclayon-church-damaged-by-7-2-magnitude-quake."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sui, D., Elwood, S., and Goodchild, M. (2013). Understanding the value of VGI. Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge: Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) in Theory and Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4587-2"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/5\/144\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:34:33Z","timestamp":1760207673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/5\/144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi6050144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi6050144","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]]}}}