{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:13:02Z","timestamp":1760242382178,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seismic site effects are influenced mainly by geospatial uncertainties corresponding to geological or geotechnical spatial variance. Therefore, the development of a geospatial database is essential to characterize site-specific geotechnical information in multiscale areas and to optimize geospatial zonation methods with potentially high degrees of spatial variability based on trial-and-error geostatistical assessments. In this study, a multi-source geospatial information framework, which included the construction of a big data platform, estimation of geostatistical density, optimization of the geostatistical interpolation method, assessment of seismic site effects, and determination of geospatial zonation for decision making, was established. Then, this framework was applied to the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. The GIS-based framework was established to develop the geospatial zonation of site-specific seismic site effects before considering the local characteristics of site effects dependent on topographic or geological conditions, based on a geospatial big-data platform in Seoul. The zonal conditions were composed of geo-layers, site effect parameters, and other multi-source geospatial maps for each administrative area, and infrastructure was determined based on the integration of the optimized geoprocessing framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6060174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T10:07:33Z","timestamp":1497521253000},"page":"174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Geospatial Big Data-Based Geostatistical Zonation of Seismic Site Effects in Seoul Metropolitan Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1024-4052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han-Saem","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earthquake Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 305-350, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Guk","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 305-350, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Ik","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earthquake Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 305-350, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggu014","article-title":"Empirical evidence of local seismic effects at sites with pronounced topography: A systematic approach","volume":"197","author":"Edwards","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. 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