{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T03:16:15Z","timestamp":1765422975623,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]],"date-time":"2017-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41471383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41471383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State administration of Surveying and Geoinformation","award":["201512028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201512028"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["IRT13092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRT13092"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong RGC","award":["PolyU 152672\/16E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU 152672\/16E"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G-UA7K, 8-ZJK8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-UA7K, 8-ZJK8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>GlobeLand30 is the world\u2019s first global land cover dataset at 30 m resolution for two epochs, i.e., 2000 and 2010. On the official website, the data are represented by qualitative thematic maps which show the distribution of global land cover, and some proportional symbol maps which are quantitative representations of land cover data. However, researchers have also argued that the cartogram, a kind of value-by-area representation, has some advantages over these maps in some cases, while others doubt their usability because of the possible distortion in shape. This led us to conduct an experimental evaluation of the usability of the cartogram for the representation of GlobeLand30. This experimental evaluation is a comparative analysis between the cartogram and the proportional symbol map to examine which is more effective in various kinds of quantitative analyses. The results show that the thematic map is better than the cartogram for the representation of quantity (e.g., area size), but the cartogram performs better in the representation of tendency distribution and areas\u2019 multiple relationships. The usability of the cartogram is notably affected by map projection and the irregularity in area shapes, but the equal-area projection does not necessarily perform better than equidistance projection, especially at high latitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6060180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T02:39:15Z","timestamp":1498099155000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Experimental Evaluation of the Usability of Cartogram for Representation of GlobeLand30 Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering and The State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology for High-speed Railway Safety, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1507-323X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhilin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering and The State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology for High-speed Railway Safety, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"},{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering and The State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology for High-speed Railway Safety, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"},{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering and The State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology for High-speed Railway Safety, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.09.002","article-title":"Global land cover mapping at 30m resolution: A POK-based operational approach","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kocmoud, C.J., and House, D.H. (1998, January 11\u201315). A Constraint-based Approach to Constructing Contiguous Cartograms. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handing, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1179\/000870409X12525737905169","article-title":"Effectiveness of Cartogram for the representation of spatial data","volume":"47","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1559\/152304006777681698","article-title":"A new algorithm for continuous area cartogram construction with triangulation of regions and restriction on bearing changes of edges","volume":"33","author":"Inoue","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.2004.09401004.x","article-title":"Thirty five years of computer Cartograms","volume":"94","author":"Tobler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Tao, M. (2010). Using Cartograms in Disease Mapping. [Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Sheffield]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1559\/152304074784107719","article-title":"Statistical cartography in the United States prior to1870 and the role of Joseph C. G. Kennedy and the U.S. Census Office","volume":"1","author":"Friis","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wolf, E.B. (2005, January 25\u201329). Creating contiguous cartograms in ArcGIS 9. Proceedings of the 2005 ESRI International User Conference, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Tang, F.Q. (2012). A Comparative Study of Various Travel Time Representation Approaches for a Road Network. [Master\u2019s Thesis, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University]."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Krauss, M.R.D. (1989). The Relative Effectiveness of the Noncontiguous Cartogram. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1973.tb41401.x","article-title":"A continuous transformation useful for districting","volume":"219","author":"Tobler","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Selvin, S.D., Sacks, M.S., Bedell, L.W., and Schulman, J. (1984). Transformations of Maps to Investigate Clusters of Disease, University of California. No. LBL-18550."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0033-0124.1985.00075.x","article-title":"An algorithm to construct continuous area cartograms","volume":"37","author":"Dougenik","year":"1985","journal-title":"Prof. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Torguson, J.S. (1990). Cartogram: A Microcomputer Program for the Interactive Construction of Value-by-Area Cartograms. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Georgia]."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"167","article-title":"A new technique for constructing contiguous cartogram","volume":"20","author":"Tikunov","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7499","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400280101","article-title":"Diffusion-based method for producing density-equalizing maps","volume":"101","author":"Gastner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Dorling, D. (1996). Area Cartograms: Their Use and Creation, University of East Anglia."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Brunsdon, C., and Charlton, M. (2015, January 15\u201317). Spoilt for Choice? An Investigation into Creating Gastner and Newman-style Cartograms. Proceedings of the GIS Research UK 23rd Annual Conference, Leeds, UK."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comgeo.2006.06.002","article-title":"On rectangular cartogram","volume":"37","author":"Kreveld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Geom."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Wikipedia 2008 (2016, April 27). Cartogram. Available online: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartogram."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"MacEachren, A.M., and Peuquet, D.J. (2012). Mapping Our Changing World, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.130","article-title":"An empirically-derived taxonomy of interaction primitives for interactive cartography and geovisualization","volume":"19","author":"Roth","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/6\/180\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:39:48Z","timestamp":1760207988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/6\/180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi6060180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi6060180","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]}}}