{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:54:03Z","timestamp":1771037643304,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land information is one of the basic requirements for land management activities such as land consolidation. However, the dearth of land information on customary lands limits the development and application of land consolidation. This paper presents and discusses the results of an experiment carried out to test the potential of participatory land administration applied on customary lands in support of land consolidation. A brief overview of the evolution of crowdsourced, voluntary, and participatory approaches is provided alongside newly related insights into neogeography and neo-cadastre, and fit-for-purpose and pro-poor land administration. The concept of participatory land administration is then developed in this context. The area of the experiment is in Northern Ghana where the process was developed together with the local farming community. The study involved collecting land information relating to farms over a two-week period, using a mobile app and a satellite image, based on participatory land administration. The results show that Participatory Land Administration can potentially support land consolidation, though further investigation is needed on how it can be integrated into the formal land registration system, into an actual land consolidation project.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6070186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T10:11:35Z","timestamp":1498126295000},"page":"186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Participatory Land Administration on Customary Lands: A Practical VGI Experiment in Nanton, Ghana"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7445-1347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwabena","family":"Asiama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1200-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swinburne Business School, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-5720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaap","family":"Zevenbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Land Consolidation for Sub-Saharan Africa\u2019s Customary Lands\u2014The Need for Responsible Approaches","volume":"5","author":"Asiama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Rural Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zevenbergen, J.A., de Vries, W.T., and Bennett, R. (2015). Groenendijk, Land Administration for Food Security. Advances in Responsible Land Administration, CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/b18988"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Lemmen, C., Jansen, L.J.M., and Rosman, F. (2012, January 6\u201310). Informational and computational approaches to Land Consolidation. Proceedings of the FIG Working Week 2012\u2014Knowing to Anage the territory, Protect The Environment, Evaluate the Cultural Heritage, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) (2005). Social and Economic Benefits of Good Land Administration, HM Land Registry."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asiama, K.O., Bennett, R.M., and Zevenbergen, J.A. (2017). Land consolidation on Ghana\u2019s rural customary lands: drawing from The Dutch, Lithuanian and Rwandan Experiences. J. Rural Stud. Rev., submitted.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2017.09.007"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Habitat, U.N. (2012). Handling Land\u2014Innovative Tools for Land Governance and Secure Tenure, UN-Habitat\/International Institute of Rural Reconstruction."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2012.09.005","article-title":"Pro-poor land administration: Principles for recording the land rights of the underrepresented","volume":"31","author":"Zevenbergen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Enemark, S., Bell, K.C., Lemmen, C., and McLaren, R. (2014). Fit for Purpose Land Administration, The World Bank and the International Federation of Surveyors."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zevenbergen, J.A., Bennett, R.M., and de Vries, W.T. (2015). Toward Responsible Land Administration. Advances in Responsible Land Administration, CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/b18988"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Barry, M., and Augustinus, C. (2015). Property Theory, Metaphors and the Continuum of Land Rights, UN-Habitat."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Zevenbergen, J.A., and Augustinus, C. (2011, January 18\u201322). Designing a pro poor land recordation system. Proceedings of the FIG Working Week 2011: Bridging the Gap Between Cultures, Marrakech, Morocco."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Lemmen, C. (2010). The Social Tenure Domain Model: A Pro Poor Land Tool, International Federation of Surveyors."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1179\/1752270611Y.0000000037","article-title":"VGI in Cadastre: A Greek experiment to investigate the potential of crowd sourcing techniques in Cadastral Mapping","volume":"44","author":"Basiouka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crommelinck, S., Bennett, R., Gerke, M., Nex, F., Yang, M., and Vosselman, G. (2016). Review of Automatic Feature Extraction from High-Resolution Optical Sensor Data for UAV-Based Cadastral Mapping. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080689"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1179\/1752270614Y.0000000103","article-title":"Neo-cadastres: Innovative solution for land users without state based land rights, or just reflections of institutional isomorphism?","volume":"47","author":"Bennett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Mumbone, M., Bennett, R.M., Gerke, M., and Volkmann, W. (2015, January 23\u201327). Innovations in Boundary Mapping: Namibia, Customary Lands and UAVs. Proceedings of the Linking Land Tenure and Use for Shared Properity, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2016.04.027","article-title":"A conceptual framework for utilising VGI in land administration","volume":"56","author":"Rahmatizadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-013-9497-7","article-title":"The volunteered geographic information in cadastre: Perspectives and citizens\u2019 motivations over potential participation in mapping","volume":"79","author":"Basiouka","year":"2014","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Molendijk, M., Morales, J., and Lemmen, C. (2015). Light Mobile Collection Tools for Land Administration. GIM Int."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Williamson, I.P., Enemark, S., Wallace, J., and Rajabifard, A. (2010). Land Administration for Sustainable Development, ESRI."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Asiama, K.O., Bennett, R., and Zevenbergen, J.A. (2015, January 16\u201320). Participatory Land Administration: A New Vista towards Responsible Land Consolidation in Customary Lands?. Proceedings of the Joint Workshop FIG Commission 3 & Commission 7: Crowdsourcing of Land Information, ST Julians, Malta."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/00396265.2015.1097584","article-title":"Fit-for-purpose land administration: Lessons from urban and rural Ethiopia","volume":"48","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/01944366908977225","article-title":"A Ladder of Citizen Participation","volume":"35","author":"Arnstein","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Am. Inst. Plann."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Smith, B. (2003). Public Policy and Public Participation Engaging Citizens and Community in the Development of Public Policy, Health Canada."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Asiama, K.O., Lengoiboni, M.N., and van der Molen, P. (2015, January 8\u201310). Compulsory Land Acquisition and Resettlement on Customary Lands in Ghana\u2014A Governance Perspective. Proceedings of the LANDac International Conference on Land Governance for Equitable and Sustainable Development, Utrecht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/1464935042000293170","article-title":"Reframing Public Participation: Strategies for the 21st Century","volume":"5","author":"Innes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plan. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"24","article-title":"Citizens as voluntary sensors: Spatial data infrastructure in the world of Web 2.0","volume":"2","author":"Goodchild","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Spat. Data Infrastruct. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/17489720902950366","article-title":"NeoGeography and Web 2.0: Concepts, tools and applications","volume":"3","author":"Crooks","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Locat. Based Serv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-007-9111-y","article-title":"Citizens as sensors: The world of volunteered geography","volume":"69","author":"Goodchild","year":"2007","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2007.12.001","article-title":"The wikification of GIS and its consequences: Or Angelina Jolie\u2019s new tattoo and the future of GIS","volume":"32","author":"Sui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See, L., Mooney, P., Foody, G., Bastin, L., Comber, A., Estima, J., Fritz, S., Kerle, N., Jiang, B., and Laakso, M. (2016). Crowdsourcing, Citizen Science or Volunteered Geographic Information? The Current State of Crowdsourced Geographic Information. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inform., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5050055"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3041278","article-title":"A Systems Perspective on Volunteered Geographic Information","volume":"3","author":"Fast","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inform."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, W., and Sun, G. (2010, January 18\u201320). The role of mobile volunteered geographic information in urban management. Proceedings of the 2010 18th International Conference on Geoinformatics, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/GEOINFORMATICS.2010.5567728"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Barr\u00f3n, J.-P., Manso-Callejo, M.-\u00c1., Alcarria, R., and Iturrioz, T. (2016). Volunteered Geographic Information System Design: Project and Participation Guidelines. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inform., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5070108"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Turner, A. (2006). Introduction to Neogeography, O\u2019Reilly Media."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2014.05.007","article-title":"Personalized task recommendation in crowdsourcing information systems\u2014Current state of the art","volume":"65","author":"Geiger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4031389","article-title":"A Volunteered Geographic Information Framework to Enable Bottom-Up Disaster Management Platforms","volume":"4","author":"Poorazizi","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inform."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"329","article-title":"An assessment of a collaborative mapping approach for exploring land use patterns for several European metropolises","volume":"35","author":"Arsanjani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3020247","article-title":"An Assessment of the Accuracy of Volunteered Road Map Production in Western Kenya","volume":"3","author":"Said","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahabir, R., Stefanidis, A., Croitoru, A., Crooks, A., and Agouris, P. (2017). Authoritative and Volunteered Geographical Information in a Developing Country: A Comparative Case Study of Road Datasets in Nairobi, Kenya. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inform., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6010024"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Keenja, E., de Vries, W.T., Bennett, R.M., and Laarakker, P. (2017, May 16). Crowd Sourcing for Land Administration: Perceptions within Netherlands Kadaster. Available online: https:\/\/www.fig.net\/resources\/proceedings\/fig_proceedings\/fig2012\/papers\/ts03b\/TS03B_keenja_devries_et_al_5611.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"McLaren, R. (2011). Crowdsourcing Support of Land Administration: A New, Collaborative Partnership between Citizens and Land Professionals, RICS."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navratil, G., and Frank, A.U. (2017, May 16). VGI for Land Administration. Available online: http:\/\/www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net\/XL-2-W1\/159\/2013\/isprsarchives-XL-2-W1-159-2013.pdf.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-2-W1-159-2013"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"McLaren, R. (2013, January 8\u201311). Engaging the Land Sector Gatekeepers in Crowsourced Land Administration. Proceedings of the Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabrikant, S.I., and Wachowicz, M. (2007). Geospatial Information Bottom-Up: A Matter of Trust and Semantics. The European Information Society, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72385-1"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.01.036","article-title":"Adoption of volunteered geographic information into the formal land administration system in Kenya","volume":"63","author":"Siriba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Schaefer, P.F., and Schaefer, C. (2017, May 16). An Innovative Approach to Land Registration in the Developing World Using Technology to Bypass the Bureaucracy. Available online: https:\/\/www.cato.org\/publications\/policy-analysis\/innovative-approach-land-registration-developing-world-using-technology."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2012.02.004","article-title":"The impact of technology-push and demand-pull policies on technical change\u2014Does the locus of policies matter?","volume":"41","author":"Peters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2012.03.021","article-title":"Technology push and demand pull perspectives in innovation studies: Current findings and future research directions","volume":"41","author":"Gambardella","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Ghawana, T., Bennett, R., Oliveira, J., Zevenbergen, J.A., Paix\u00e3o, S., and Carneiro, A.F.T. (2017, May 16). Applying the Knowledge Innovation Value Chain Model to Land Administration Research. Available online: https:\/\/www.fig.net\/resources\/proceedings\/fig_proceedings\/fig2016\/papers\/ts06a\/TS06A_ghawana_bennett_et_al_7969_abs.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1068\/a43492","article-title":"Reconciling top-down and bottom-up development policies","volume":"43","author":"Crescenzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Enemark, S., McLaren, R., and Lemmen, C. (2016). Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration\u2014Guiding Principles for Country Implementation, UN-Habitat."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2017, May 16). Land Title Registration Law. Available online: http:\/\/thelandeconomist2007.synthasite.com\/library\/land-title-registration-law-1986-pndcl-152-."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Asiama, S.O. (2017, May 16). Comparative Study of Land Administration Systems\u2014Case Study of Ghana. Available online: http:\/\/www.ibrarian.net\/navon\/paper\/COMPARATIVE_STUDY_OF_LAND_ADMINISTRATION_SYSTEMS.pdf?paperid=1140240."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehwi, R.J., and Asante, L.A. (2016). Ex-Post Analysis of Land Title Registration in Ghana Since 2008 Merger. SAGE Open, 6.","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244016643351"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"MASDAR (2017, May 16). Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit to the Republic of Ghana for the Land Administration Project-2. Available online: http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/754421468257071446\/pdf\/583340PAD0P1201e0only1910BOX358312B.pdf."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Jones-Casey, K., and Knox, A. (2017, May 16). Ghana\u2019s Land Administration at a Crossroads. Available online: https:\/\/agriknowledge.org\/downloads\/0r9673801."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Edmead, N. (2017, May 16). Open Title\u2014A Low Cost Tool for Inventorying Property Rights\u2014Experiences from Ghana. Available online: https:\/\/www.fig.net\/resources\/proceedings\/fig_proceedings\/fig2010\/papers\/fs04f\/fs04f_edmead_4037.pdf."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Landmapp (2017, January 25). Landmapp: Unlocking Land Value\u2014Ghana. Available online: http:\/\/www.landmapp.net\/ghana\/."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Pickett, K. (2017, January 25). Landmapp\u2014Land Solutions as a Scalable Business. Available online: http:\/\/docs.wixstatic.com\/ugd\/3208e6_0097871437734f04a42249c452f4ef39.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Kakraba-Ampeh, M., and Yeboah, E. (2017, May 16). Scaling Up Community Based Tools to Secure Land Rights. Available online: http:\/\/rightsandresources.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/RRI-Final-Report_v31.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2016.02.033","article-title":"Land consolidation, customary lands, and Ghana\u2019s Northern Savannah Ecological Zone: An evaluation of the possibilities and pitfalls","volume":"54","author":"Abubakari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/09537325.2011.537110","article-title":"Living Labs: Arbiters of mid- and ground-level innovation","volume":"23","author":"Almirall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1108\/14676371211211809","article-title":"LIVING LAB: User-driven innovation for sustainability","volume":"13","author":"Liedtke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Senach, B., and Schaffers, H. (2011, January 26\u201328). Future internet and living lab research domain landscapes: Filling the gap between technology push and application pull in the context of smart cities. Proceedings of the eChallenges e-2011 Conference Proceedings, IIMC International Information Management Corporation, Florence, Italy."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Byamugisha, F.F.K., Burns, T., Evtimov, V., Santana, S., and Zulsdorf, G. (2012). Appraising Investments and Technologies for Surveying and Mapping for Land Administration in Sub-Saharan Africa, World Bank. Report."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Byamugisha, F. (2017, May 16). Securing Africa\u2019s Land for Shared Prosperity: A program to scale Up Reforms and Investments. Available online: http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/732661468191967924\/pdf\/780850PUB0EPI00LIC00pubdate05024013.pdf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deininger, K., Augustinus, C., Enemark, S., and Munro-Faure, P. (2010). First experiences with a high-resolution imagery-based adjudication approach in Ethiopia. Innovations in Land Rights Recognition, Administration, and Governance, The World Bank.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-8580-7"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Bennett, R., Yimer, F., and Lemmen, C. (2015). Toward Fit-for-Purpose Land Consolidation. Advances in Responsible Land Administration, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"33","article-title":"Apps for Land Administration: Exploring the Needs, Options and Future Developments","volume":"30","author":"Dyli","year":"2016","journal-title":"GIM Int."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Osei-Tutu, D., Asante, L.A., Appiah, M.N., Bendzako, T., and Chigbu, U.E. (2016, January 15\u201317). Towards a Pro-Poor Customary Land Rights Security in Rural Ghana: Land Tenure Inventory Using Mobile Application by Local Youth. Proceedings of the World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Burns, T., and Haile, S.A. (2017, May 16). Costing and Financing of Land Administration Services (CoFLAS) in Developing Countries. Available online: http:\/\/www.gltn.net\/index.php\/land-tools\/gltn-land-tools\/costing-and-financing-of-land-administration-services-coflas."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deininger, K., Augustinus, C., Enemark, S., and Munro-Faure, P. (2010). Land registration using aerial photography in Namibia: Costs and lessons. Innovations in Land Rights Recognition, Administration, and Governance, The World Bank.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-8580-7"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Yimer, F. (2014). Fit-for-Purpose Land Consolidation: An Innovative Tool for Re-Allotment in Rural Ethiopia. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Twente-ITC]."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"AfDB (2017, May 16). Land Tenure Regularization in Rwanda: Good Practices in Land Reform\u2014Case Study. Available online: https:\/\/www.afdb.org\/fileadmin\/uploads\/afdb\/Documents\/Publications\/anrc\/AfDB_RwandaLandReform_FA.pdf."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2007.09.012","article-title":"Rural Land Certification in Ethiopia: Process, Initial Impact, and Implications for Other African Countries","volume":"36","author":"Deininger","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.10.024","article-title":"The role of Customary Land Secretariats in promoting good local land governance in Ghana","volume":"50","author":"Biitir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.09.015","article-title":"Legal implications of allocation papers in land transactions in Ghana\u2014A case study of the Kumasi traditional area","volume":"50","author":"Mireku","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Sonnenberg, J. (2002, January 19\u201326). Fundamentals of Land Consolidation as an Instrument to Abolish Fragmentation of Agricultural Holdings. Proceedings of the Land Consolidation: New Perspectives FIG XXII International Congress, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Louwsma, M., van Beek, M., and Hoeve, B. (2017, May 16). A New Approach: Participatory Land Consolidation. Available online: https:\/\/www.fig.net\/resources\/proceedings\/fig_proceedings\/fig2014\/papers\/ts02d\/TS02D_louwsma_van_beek_et_al_7020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Hartvigsen, M. (2017, May 16). Integrated Voluntary Land Consolidation\u2014A Third Model for Land Consolidation and Land Banking in Central And Eastern Europe. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a-i5244tre.pdf."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/7\/186\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:40:04Z","timestamp":1760208004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/7\/186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi6070186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi6070186","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]}}}