{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T07:23:34Z","timestamp":1776929014676,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,26]],"date-time":"2017-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interests, responsibilities and opportunities of states to provide infrastructure and resource management are not limited to their land territory but extend to marine areas as well. So far, although the theoretical structure of a Marine Administration System (MAS) is based on the management needs of the various countries, the marine terms have not been clearly defined. In order to define an MAS that meets the spatial marine requirements, the specific characteristics of the marine environment have to be identified and integrated in a management system. Most publications that address the Marine Cadastre (MC) concept acknowledge the three-dimensional (3D) character of marine spaces and support the need for MC to function as a multipurpose instrument. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) conceptual standard ISO 19152 has been referenced in scholarly and professional works to have explicit relevance to 3D cadastres in exposed land and built environments. However, to date, very little has been done in any of those works to explicitly and comprehensively apply LADM to specific jurisdictional MAS or MC, although the standard purports to be applicable to those areas. Since so far the most comprehensive MC modeling approach is the S-121 Maritime Limits and Boundaries (MLB) Standard, which refers to LADM, this paper proposes several modifications including, among others, the introduction of class marine resources into the model, the integration of data on legal spaces and physical features through external classes, as well as the division of law and administrative sources. Within this context, this paper distinctly presents both appropriate modifications and applications of the IHO S-121 standard to the particular marine and maritime administrative needs of both Greece and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6070194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]],"date-time":"2017-06-27T02:58:05Z","timestamp":1498532285000},"page":"194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Toward the Development of a Marine Administration System Based on International Standards"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2982-1593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Athanasiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technical University of Athens, Athens 15780, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9481-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Kastrisios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technical University of Athens, Athens 15780, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6838-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lysandros","family":"Tsoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technical University of Athens, Athens 15780, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charisse","family":"Griffith-Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dexter","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Efi","family":"Dimopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Technical University of Athens, Athens 15780, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Abdul-Rahman, A. 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