{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T02:46:20Z","timestamp":1782873980054,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]],"date-time":"2017-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores the laws and other legal acts related to the Croatian 3D cadastre with an emphasis on those which relate to interests in strata, spatial planning, and other regulations that are valid or were valid on Croatian territory. The effects of the application of these regulations on the present situation of registration in cadastre and land register were considered. This paper also explores current legal, institutional, and technical solutions implemented in the Croatian Land Administration System and the possibilities for its upgrade to 3D cadastre. Implementation of any technological option to establish a 3D cadastre is tightly related to legislation. Hence, legislation and technological options are considered to find solutions that will be possible to implement. One suggestion presented in this paper was to use other sources of 3D data such as topographic signs or symbols used to represent topographic objects on 2D maps. In combination with other geodetic and cartographic products, useful information can be obtained, often quite relevant to provide a reference context for a 3D cadastre. Topographic signs on topographic maps and on other geodetic products provide a representation of complex real-world situations (tunnels, bridges, overpasses etc.) that are not usually presented on cadastral maps. This paper presents the possibility of utilizing those topographic signs to achieve the first steps towards establishing a 3D cadastre. Furthermore, this study proposes the establishment of a 3D Multipurpose Land Administration System as the most efficient system of land administration in a time when spatial information is easier to obtain than ever before and traditional real estate registers are subject to frequent and demanding changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6070223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]],"date-time":"2017-07-20T11:21:59Z","timestamp":1500549719000},"page":"223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Overview of the Croatian Land Administration System and the Possibilities for Its Upgrade to 3D by Existing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6530-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Vu\u010di\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Geodetic Administration, Gru\u0161ka 20, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3448-1899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miodrag","family":"Roi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Ka\u010di\u0107eva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4545-1457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Ma\u0111er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Ka\u010di\u0107eva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1545-0587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u0161a","family":"Vrani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Ka\u010di\u0107eva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3874-4737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Van Oosterom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Department OTB, GIS Technology Section, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5030, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Roi\u0107, M., Masteli\u0107 Ivi\u0107, S., Matijevi\u0107, H., Cetl, V., and Tomi\u0107, H. (2016, January 2\u20136). Towards Standardized Concept of Multipurpose Land Administration. Proceedings of the FIG Working Week, Christchurch, New Zealand."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2012.11.004","article-title":"3D Property Research from a Legal Perspective","volume":"40","author":"Paulsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ploeger, H. (2011, January 16\u201318). Legal Framework 3D Cadastres. Position paper 1. 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