{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:33:14Z","timestamp":1774531994277,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1541876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1541876"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1029711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1029711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-1320580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1320580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0940818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0940818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-1218168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1218168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USDOD","award":["HM1582-08-1-0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HM1582-08-1-0017"]}]},{"name":"USDOD","award":["HM0210-13-1-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HM0210-13-1-0005"]}]},{"name":"ARPA-E","award":["DE-AR0000795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AR0000795"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Demand for agricultural food production is projected to increase dramatically in the coming decades, putting at risk our clean water supply and prospects for sustainable development. Fragmentation-free land allocation (FF-LA) aims to improve returns on ecosystem services by determining both space partitioning of a study area and choice of land-use\/land-cover management practice (LMP) for each partition under a budget constraint. In the context of large-scale industrialized food production, fragmentation (e.g., tiny LMP patches) discourages the use of modern farm equipment (e.g., 10- to 20-m-wide combine harvesters) and must be avoided in the allocation. FF-LA is a computationally challenging NP-hard problem. We introduce three frameworks for land allocation planning, namely collaborative geodesign, spatial optimization and a hybrid model of the two, to help stakeholders resolve the dilemma between increasing food production capacity and improving water quality. A detailed case study is carried out at the Seven Mile Creek watershed in the midwestern US. The results show the challenges of generating near-optimal solutions through collaborative geodesign, and the potential benefits of spatial optimization in assisting the decision-making process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6070226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T10:45:48Z","timestamp":1500633948000},"page":"226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Collaborative Geodesign and Spatial Optimization for Fragmentation-Free Land Allocation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yiqun","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Runck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Environment and Society, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shashi","family":"Shekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Len","family":"Kne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U-Spatial, Research Computing, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7040-5888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Mulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Wiringa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Environment and Society, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"U-Spatial, Research Computing, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2017, July 10). 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