{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T06:43:34Z","timestamp":1776581014052,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]],"date-time":"2017-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41622109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41622109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41371017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan","award":["2017YFB0504205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0504205"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The visual perception of streets plays an important role in urban planning, and contributes to the quality of residents\u2019 lives. However, evaluation of the visual perception of streetscapes has been restricted by inadequate techniques and the availability of data sources. The emergence of street view services (Google Street View, Tencent Street View, etc.) has provided an enormous number of new images at street level, thus shattering the restrictions imposed by the limited availability of data sources for evaluating streetscapes. This study explored the possibility of analyzing the visual perception of an urban street based on Tencent Street View images, and led to the proposal of four indices for characterizing the visual perception of streets: salient region saturation, visual entropy, a green view index, and a sky-openness index. We selected the Jianye District of Nanjing City, China, as the study area, where Tencent Street View is available. The results of this experiment indicated that the four indices proposed in this work can effectively reflect the visual attributes of streets. Thus, the proposed indices could facilitate the assessment of urban landscapes based on visual perception. In summary, this study suggests a new type of data for landscape study, and provides a technique for automatic information acquisition to determine the visual perception of streets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6090265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]],"date-time":"2017-08-25T11:03:17Z","timestamp":1503658997000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Use of Tencent Street View Imagery for Visual Perception of Streets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for the South Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5774-2342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sensen","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for the South Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Shuyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Manchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2015.1032101","article-title":"The Street: A quintessential social public space","volume":"22","author":"Strom","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-3681-1","article-title":"Assessment of visual landscape quality using IKONOS imagery","volume":"186","author":"Ozkan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(03)00114-2","article-title":"Assessing the validity and reliability of descriptor variables used in scenic highway analysis","volume":"66","author":"Clay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Swimmer, E., Whiteman, J., and Taintor, R. (1999). Byway Beginnings: Understanding, Inventorying, and Evaluating a Byway's Intrinsic Qualities."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(99)00089-4","article-title":"Background concepts for integrated landscape analysis","volume":"77","author":"Antrop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(01)00141-4","article-title":"Whither scenic beauty? Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21st century","volume":"54","author":"Daniel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2015.07.010","article-title":"\u2018Big data\u2019 for pedestrian volume: Exploring the use of Google Street View images for pedestrian counts","volume":"63","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runge, N., Samsonov, P., Degraen, D., and Schoning, J. (2016, January 7\u201310). No more autobahn: Scenic route generation using Googles Street View. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Sonoma, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2856767.2856804"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopf, J., Chen, B., Szeliski, R., and Cohen, M. (2010, January 26\u201330). Street Slide: Browsing Street Level Imagery. Proceedings of the 37th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference and Exhibition on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1833349.1778833"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/1472586X.2014.941559","article-title":"Google Street View: Navigating the operative image","volume":"29","author":"Hoelzl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vis. Stud."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Torii, A., and Havlena, M. (October, January 29). From google street view to 3d city models. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2010.170","article-title":"Google street view: Capturing the world at street level","volume":"43","author":"Anguelov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2418816","article-title":"Geolocalization of Crowdsourced Images for 3-D Modeling of City Points of Interest","volume":"12","author":"Verstockt","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hara, K., Azenkot, S., Campbell, M., Bennett, C.L., Le, V., Pannella, S., Moore, R., Minckler, K., Ng, R.H., and Froehlich, J.E. (2013, January 21\u201323). Improving Public Transit Accessibility for Blind Riders by Crowdsourcing Bus Stop Landmark Locations with Google Street View. Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2513383.2513448"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olea, P.P., and Mateo-Tom\u00e1s, P. (2013). Assessing species habitat using Google Street View: A case study of cliff-nesting vultures. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054582"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rousselet, J., Imbert, C., Dekri, A., Garcia, J., Goussard, F., Vincent, B., Denux, O., Robinet, C., Dorkeld, F., and Roques, A. (2013). Assessing species distribution using Google Street View: A pilot study with the pine processionary moth. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074918"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2016.11.006","article-title":"Lange Google Street View shows promise for virtual street tree surveys","volume":"21","author":"Berland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-13-19","article-title":"Assessing the environmental characteristics of cycling routes to school: A study on the reliability and validity of a Google Street View-based audit","volume":"13","author":"Vanwolleghem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4031166","article-title":"Does the visibility of greenery increase perceived safety in urban areas? Evidence from the place pulse 1.0 dataset","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clews, C., Brajkovich-Payne, R., Dwight, E., Fauzul, A.A., Burton, M., Carleton, O., Cook, J., Deroles, C., Faulkner, R., and Furniss, M. (2016). Alcohol in urban streetscapes: A comparison of the use of Google Street View and on-street observation. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3115-9"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(97)00085-6","article-title":"Visual threshold carrying capacity (VTCC) in urban landscape management: A case study of Seoul, Korea","volume":"39","author":"Oh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.06.006","article-title":"Assessing street-level urban greenery using Google Street View and a modified green view index","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1177\/001391602237246","article-title":"Environmental enclosure in urban settings","volume":"34","author":"Stamps","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2008.12.004","article-title":"Can you see green? Assessing the visibility of urban forests in cities","volume":"91","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2004.08.002","article-title":"Remote Sensing and GIS in Modeling Visual Landscape Change: A Case Study of the Northwestern Arid Coast of Egypt","volume":"73","author":"Ayad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Gu, Z., and Li, H. (2013, January 15\u201318). Sdsp: A Novel Saliency Detection Method by Combining Simple Priors. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2013.6738036"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Shen, X., and Wu, Y. (2012, January 16\u201321). A Unified Approach to Salient Object Detection via Low Rank Matrix Recovery. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Providence, RI, USA."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Judd, T., Ehinger, K., Durand, F., and Torralba, A. (October, January 29). Learning to Predict Where Humans Look. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Fan, G.L., and Zhou, L. (1996, January 18). Visual Entropy-Based Classified Bath Fractal Transform for Image Coding. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"522","article-title":"A Color Image Segmentation Algorithm by Using Color and Spatial Information","volume":"15","author":"Ye","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Softw."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Bain, L., Gray, B., and Rodgers, D. (2012). Living Streets: Strategies for Crafting Public Space, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-014-0343-6","article-title":"How Do People Perceive Urban Trees? Assessing Likes and Dislikes in Relation to the Trees of a City","volume":"17","author":"Schondube","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2009.04.001","article-title":"The dual role of roads in the visual landscape: A case-study in the area around Mechelen (Belgium)","volume":"92","author":"Meeus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2016.09.024","article-title":"Measuring visual enclosure for street walkability: Using machine learning algorithms and Google Street View imagery","volume":"76","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/9\/265\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:43:20Z","timestamp":1760208200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/9\/265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi6090265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi6090265","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]]}}}