{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T15:58:14Z","timestamp":1760889494925,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2042017kf0042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042017kf0042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91438111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91438111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Twenty First Century Areospace Technology Co.,Ltd.","award":["21AT-2016-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21AT-2016-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-speed agile remote sensing satellites have the ability to capture multiple sequences of images. However, the frame rate is lower and the baseline between each image is much longer than normal image sequences. As a result, the edges and shadows in each image in the sequence vary considerably. Therefore, more requirements are placed on the target detection algorithm. Aiming at the characteristics of multi-view image sequences, we propose an approach to detect moving ships on the water surface. Based on marker controlled watershed segmentation, we use the extracted foreground and background images to segment moving ships, and we obtain the complete shape and texture information of the ships. The inter-frame difference algorithm is applied to extract the foreground object information, while Otsu\u2019s algorithm is used to extract the image background. The foreground and background information is fused to solve the problem of interference with object detection caused by long imaging baseline. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective for moving ship detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6110334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T16:01:19Z","timestamp":1509552079000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detection of Moving Ships in Sequences of Remote Sensing Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Shun","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Xueli","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Shuying","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Deshan","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100020, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"316","article-title":"Moving target information extraction based on single satellite image","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"4407","article-title":"Survey of moving object tracking algrithom","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Res. Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008318126505","article-title":"Image sequence analysis via partial differential equations","volume":"11","author":"Kornprobst","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Math. Imaging Vis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aubert, G., and Kornprobst, P. (2006). Mathematical Problems in Image Processing: Partial Differential Equations and the Calculus of Variations, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-44588-5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2002.801448","article-title":"Background and foreground modeling using nonparametric kernel density estimation for visual surveillance","volume":"90","author":"Elgammal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elgammal, A., Harwood, D., and Davis, L. (2000). Non-parametric model for background subtraction. European Conference on Computer Vision, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45053-X_48"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Stauffer, C., and Grimson, W.E.L. (1999, January 23\u201325). Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking. Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Fort Collins, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1109\/34.868677","article-title":"Learning patterns of activity using real-time tracking","volume":"22","author":"Stauffer","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Grimson, W.E.L., Stauffer, C., Romano, R., and Lee, L. (1998, January 25). Using adaptive tracking to classify and monitor activities in a site. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Santa Barbara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Migliore, D.A., Matteucci, M., and Naccari, M. (2006, January 27). A revaluation of frame difference in fast and robust motion detection. Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Workshop on Video Surveillance and Sensor Networks, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1178782.1178815"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00007-3","article-title":"Automatic moving object and background separation","volume":"66","author":"Neri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, C., Duan, X., Xu, S., Song, Z., and Luo, M. (2007, January 22\u201324). An improved moving object detection algorithm based on frame difference and edge detection. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Image and Graphics (ICIG), Sichuan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIG.2007.153"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1020","article-title":"Infrared dim target detection based on multi-structural element morphological filter combined with adaptive threshold segmentation","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Photonica Sin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20077880","article-title":"The multiscale morphology filter: Identifying and extracting spatial patterns in the galaxy distribution","volume":"474","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"23","article-title":"A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms","volume":"11","author":"Otsu","year":"1975","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"751","article-title":"Two-dimensional Otsu\u2019s curve thresholding segmentation method for gray-Level images","volume":"35","author":"Fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Electron. Sin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1109\/34.87344","article-title":"Watersheds in digital spaces: an efficient algorithm based on immersion simulations","volume":"13","author":"Vincent","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Lotufo, R., and Silva, W. (2002, January 20\u201321). Minimal set of markers for the watershed transform. Proceedings of the ISMM, Berlin, German."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1029\/TR038i006p00913","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology","volume":"38","author":"Strahler","year":"1957","journal-title":"Eos. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.04.017","article-title":"Assessments of urban growth in the Tampa Bay watershed using remote sensing data","volume":"97","author":"Xian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Q., and Celenk, M. (2013, January 4\u20136). Marked watershed and image morphology based motion detection and performance analysis. Proceedings of the 2013 8th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis (ISPA), Trieste, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPA.2013.6703732"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"530","article-title":"Removing the Effects of Azimuth Ambiguities on Ships Detection Based on Polarimetic SAR Data","volume":"42","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"200","article-title":"A vehicle tracking algorithm with monte-carlo method","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/11\/334\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:49:10Z","timestamp":1760208550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/11\/334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi6110334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi6110334","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]}}}