{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:20:14Z","timestamp":1762507214716,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]],"date-time":"2017-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The analysis of linear structures on major geological formations plays a crucial role in resource exploration in the Inner Niger Delta. Highlighting and mapping of the large lithological units were carried out using image fusion, spectral bands (RGB coding), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and band ratio methods. The automatic extraction method of linear structures has permitted the obtaining of a structural map with 82,659 linear structures, distributed on different stratigraphic stages. The intensity study shows an accentuation in density over 12.52% of the total area, containing 22.02% of the linear structures. The density and nodes (intersections of fractures) formed by the linear structures on the different lithologies allowed to observe the behavior of the region\u2019s aquifers in the exploration of subsoil resources. The central density, in relation to the hydrographic network of the lowlands, shows the conditioning of the flow and retention of groundwater in the region, and in-depth fluids. The node areas and high-density linear structures, have shown an ability to have rejections in deep (pores) that favor the formation of structural traps for oil resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6110335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T04:43:13Z","timestamp":1509684193000},"page":"335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spatial Analysis of Linear Structures in the Exploration of Groundwater"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5017-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdramane","family":"Dembele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiufen","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"579","article-title":"Image analysis applied to the automatic treatment of fracture fields, \u201cL\u2019analyse d\u2019images appliqu\u00e9e au traitement automatique de champs de fractures. Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s g\u00e9om\u00e9triques et lois d\u2019\u00e9chelle\u201d (Geometric properties and laws of scale)","volume":"170","author":"Bodin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. G\u00e9ol. Fr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, C., Fan, X., Dong, Q., and Liu, J. (2017). Using remote sensing products to identify marine association patterns in factors relating to ENSO in the Pacific Ocean. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6010032"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"147","article-title":"Analyses Statistique Et Geostatistique De La Fracturation Extraite De L\u2019Imagerie Asar Envisat Du Sud-Est De La C\u00f4te D\u2018 Ivoire\u2019","volume":"20","author":"Koudou","year":"2014","journal-title":"LARHYSS J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tziachris, P., Metaxa, E., Papadopoulos, F., and Papadopoulou, M. (2017). Spatial Modelling and Prediction Assessment of Soil Iron Using Kriging Interpolation with pH as Auxiliary Information. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6090283"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Remote Sensing Imagery, New Challenges For Geological And Mining Mapping In The West African Craton - The Example The First Steps of Remote Sensing Imagery for Geological and Mining Mapping","volume":"1","author":"Gbele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Geol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Olivry, J., Bricquet, J.P., and Mahe, G. (, January November). Variabilit\u00e9 de la puissance des crues des grands cours d\u2019eau d\u2019Afrique intertropicale et incidence de la baisse des \u00e9coulements de base au cours des deux derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies. Proceedings of the Abidjan\u201998 Conference, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019lvoire."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zare, A., Illou, M., Fossi, S., Bio, T.M., Mahe, G., Paturel, J.E., and Barbier, B. (2013, January 22\u201326). Perception of hydrological changes and adaptation strategies in the Inner Niger Delta in Mali. Proceedings of the HP1, IAHS-IAPSO-IASPEI Assembly, Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taubenb\u00f6ck, H., Ferstl, J., and Dech, S. (2017). Regions Set in Stone\u2014Delimiting and Categorizing Regions in Europe by Settlement Patterns Derived from EO-Data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6020055"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"11","article-title":"A comparison of Landsat 8 (OLI) and Landsat 7 (ETM +) in mapping geology and visualising linear structures: A case study of central region Kenya","volume":"XL","author":"Mwaniki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rimal, B., Zhang, L., Keshtkar, H., Wang, N., and Lin, Y. (2017). Monitoring and Modeling of Spatiotemporal Urban Expansion and Land-Use\/Land-Cover Change Using Integrated Markov Chain Cellular Automata Model. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6090288"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Lucas, G. (2014, January 18\u201320). Investigating the Potential of Landsat 8 OLI Satellite Imagery for Geological Mapping in Namibia. Proceedings of the Roy Miller Symposium, Windhoek, Namibia."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwak, Y. (2017). Nationwide Flood Monitoring for Disaster Risk Reduction Using Multiple Satellite Data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6070203"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Censier, C., Olivry, J.C., and Briquet, J.P. (1993, January 22\u201324). Les Apports Detritiques Terrigenes Dans la Cuvette Lacustre du Niger entre Mopti et Kona (Republique du Mali). Proceedings of the Great Fluvial Basins, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Thibault, M., and Mod, M. (2014). Mod\u00e9lisation hydrodynamique coupl\u00e9e 1D-2D du delta int\u00e9rieur du fleuve Niger. 1D-2D Coupled Hydrodynamic Modeling of the Niger River Inland Delta. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Higher institute of Agronomic, Agri-Food, Horticultural and Landscape Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Cui, Y., Liu, M., He, H., and Ravan, S. (2017). Integrating Global Open Geo-Information for Major Disaster Assessment: A Case Study of the Myanmar Flood. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6070201"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"PCI Geomatica (2001). PCI Geomatica user\u2019s Guide Version 9.1, PCI Geomatica."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Schowengerddt, R.A. (1983). Technics for Image Processing and Classification in Remote Sensing, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4236\/ijg.2014.51002","article-title":"Assessment and Evaluation of Band Ratios, Brovey and HSV Techniques for Lithologic Discrimination and Mapping Using Landsat ETM + and SPOT-5 Data","volume":"2014","author":"Madani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4995\/msel.2013.1905","article-title":"Principal Component Analysis applied to remote sensing","volume":"6","author":"Estornell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Model. Sci. Educ. Learn."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"363","article-title":"De diff\u00e9rents aspects de la variabilit\u00e9 de la pluviom\u00e9trie en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest et Centrale non sah\u00e9lienne","volume":"12","author":"Servat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Eau\/J. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franchi, G., and Angulo, J. (2016). Morphological Principal Component Analysis for Hyperspectral Image Analysis \u2020. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5060083"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Aranyossy, J.-F., Njitchoua, R., and Zuppi, G.M. (1995). Input of Environmental Isotopes in the Study of the Recharge and the Flow Dynamic of Aquifers, IAEA. No. ST\/pub\/747."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Picouet, C. (1999). G\u00e9odynamique d\u2019un hydrosysteme tropical peu anthropis\u00e9, le bassin sup\u00e9rieur du Niger et son delta int\u00e9rieur. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier II]."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Hydrosyst, G.I.P. (, January April). \u201cProjet de zone atelier du Delta int\u00e9rieur du Niger au Mali,\u201d (Inner Delta Workshop Project in Mali). Proceedings of the S\u00e9minaire Franco-Malien du GIP Hydrosyst\u00e8mes, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mahe, G., Orange, D., Mariko, A., and Bricquet, J.P. (2011). Estimation of the flooded area of the Inner Delta of the River Niger in Mali by hydrological balance and satellite data. Hydro-climatology: Variability and Change, International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Randersen, I., Dione, O., Holder, M.J., and Olivry, J.C. (2006). Le Bassin du Fleuve Niger Vers une Vision de D\u00e9veloppement Durable, World Bank."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Mariko, A., Mahe, G., Orange, D., Royer, A., Nonguierma, A., Amani, A., and Servat, E. (1999). Suivi des Zones D\u2019inondation du Delta Int\u00e9rieur du Niger (Monitoring Flood Zones in the Niger\u2019s Interior Delta)."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/11\/335\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:49:11Z","timestamp":1760208551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/6\/11\/335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi6110335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi6110335","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]]}}}