{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T03:35:41Z","timestamp":1768620941709,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["No. 2016YFC0803105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2016YFC0803105"]}]},{"name":"the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China","award":["No. 2015AA123901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2015AA123901"]}]},{"name":"the National Basic Surveying and Mapping Technology Project","award":["No. 2017KJ0303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017KJ0303"]}]},{"name":"the Smart Guangzhou Spatio-temporal Information Cloud Platform Construction","award":["No. GZIT2016-A5-147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. GZIT2016-A5-147"]}]},{"name":"the 2015 Cultivation Program for the Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of Southwest Jiaotong University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emergency risk assessment of debris flows in residential areas is of great significance for disaster prevention and reduction, but the assessment has disadvantages, such as a low numerical simulation efficiency and poor capabilities of risk assessment and geographic knowledge sharing. Thus, this paper focuses on the construction of a VGE (virtual geographic environment) system that provides an efficient tool to support the rapid risk analysis of debris flow disasters. The numerical simulation, risk analysis, and 3D (three-dimensional) dynamic visualization of debris flow disasters were tightly integrated into the VGE system. Key technologies, including quantitative risk assessment, multiscale parallel optimization, and visual representation of disaster information, were discussed in detail. The Qipan gully in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, China, was selected as the case area, and a prototype system was developed. According to the multiscale parallel optimization experiments, a suitable scale was chosen for the numerical simulation of debris flow disasters. The computational efficiency of one simulation step was 5 ms (milliseconds), and the rendering efficiency was approximately 40 fps (frames per second). Information about the risk area, risk population, and risk roads under different conditions can be quickly obtained. The experimental results show that our approach can support real-time interactive analyses and can be used to share and publish geographic knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6110377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T10:47:38Z","timestamp":1511347658000},"page":"377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Virtual Geographic Environment for Debris Flow Risk Analysis in Residential Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Lingzhi","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Geomatics Center, Chengdu 610041, China"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Weilian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Geomatics Center, Chengdu 610041, China"}]},{"given":"Weijun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Urban Planning & Design Survey Research Institute, Guangzhou 510060, China"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Urban Planning & Design Survey Research Institute, Guangzhou 510060, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.25.1.85","article-title":"Debris-flow mobilization from landslides","volume":"25","author":"Iverson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. 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