{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T01:13:27Z","timestamp":1783386807273,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":254,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,2]],"date-time":"2017-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP140100873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP140100873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of building information modelling (BIM) and geographic information system (GIS) in construction management is a new and fast developing trend in recent years, from research to industrial practice. BIM has advantages on rich geometric and semantic information through the building life cycle, while GIS is a broad field covering geovisualization-based decision making and geospatial modelling. However, most current studies of BIM-GIS integration focus on the integration techniques but lack theories and methods for further data analysis and mathematic modelling. This paper reviews the applications and discusses future trends of BIM-GIS integration in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry based on the studies of 96 high-quality research articles from a spatio-temporal statistical perspective. The analysis of these applications helps reveal the evolution progress of BIM-GIS integration. Results show that the utilization of BIM-GIS integration in the AEC industry requires systematic theories beyond integration technologies and deep applications of mathematical modeling methods, including spatio-temporal statistical modeling in GIS and 4D\/nD BIM simulation and management. Opportunities of BIM-GIS integration are outlined as three hypotheses in the AEC industry for future research on the in-depth integration of BIM and GIS. BIM-GIS integration hypotheses enable more comprehensive applications through the life cycle of AEC projects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6120397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]],"date-time":"2017-12-04T11:16:38Z","timestamp":1512386198000},"page":"397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":193,"title":["Trends and Opportunities of BIM-GIS Integration in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction Industry: A Review from a Spatio-Temporal Statistical Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3420-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongze","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australasian Joint Research Centre for Building Information Modelling, School of Built Environment, Curtin University, 6102 Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australasian Joint Research Centre for Building Information Modelling, School of Built Environment, Curtin University, 6102 Perth, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Housing and Interior Design, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australasian Joint Research Centre for Building Information Modelling, School of Built Environment, Curtin University, 6102 Perth, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction Management, School of Built Environment, Curtin University, 6102 Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monty","family":"Sutrisna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction Management, School of Built Environment, Curtin University, 6102 Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1722-2617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack C. P.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Built Environment National Research Centre, Curtin University, 6102 Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150195","article-title":"Global change and the ecology of cities","volume":"319","author":"Grimm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1177\/0956247809344361","article-title":"The implications of population growth and urbanization for climate change","volume":"21","author":"Satterthwaite","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. 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