{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:51:00Z","timestamp":1778698260577,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,12]],"date-time":"2018-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Education Commission, Pakistan &amp; DAAD, Germany","award":["PhD scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD scholarship"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of inverse methods allow efficient model calibration. This study employs PEST to calibrate a large catchment scale transient flow model. Results are demonstrated by comparing manually calibrated approaches with the automated approach. An advanced Tikhonov regularization algorithm was employed for carrying out the automated pilot point (PP) method. The results indicate that automated PP is more flexible and robust as compared to other approaches. Different statistical indicators show that this method yields reliable calibration as values of coefficient of determination (R2) range from 0.98 to 0.99, Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (ME) range from 0.964 to 0.976, and root mean square errors (RMSE) range from 1.68 m to 1.23 m, for manual and automated approaches, respectively. Validation results of automated PP show ME as 0.969 and RMSE as 1.31 m. The results of output sensitivity suggest that hydraulic conductivity is a more influential parameter. Considering the limitations of the current study, it is recommended to perform global sensitivity and linear uncertainty analysis for the better estimation of the modelling results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]],"date-time":"2018-01-15T04:01:55Z","timestamp":1515988915000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Inverse Parametrization of a Regional Groundwater Flow Model with the Aid of Modelling and GIS: Test and Application of Different Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8058-6472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Usman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing, Institute for Geography and Geology, Julius Maximillian\u2019s University Wuerzburg, Oswald K\u00fclpe Weg 86, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Irrigation &amp; Drainage, Department of Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, 38040 Faisalabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4259-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Reimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Groundwater Management, TU Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Liedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Groundwater Management, TU Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2045-2971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azhar","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Irrigation &amp; Drainage, Department of Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, 38040 Faisalabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0807-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing, Institute for Geography and Geology, Julius Maximillian\u2019s University Wuerzburg, Oswald K\u00fclpe Weg 86, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoaib","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2012.01.001","article-title":"The impact of conjunctive use of canal and tube well water in Lagar irrigated area, Pakistan","volume":"47\u201348","author":"Kazmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. 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